A review of surgical and reconstructive techniques for hidradenitis suppurativa.
Acne inversa
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Reconstruction
Surgery
Treatment
Journal
Archives of dermatological research
ISSN: 1432-069X
Titre abrégé: Arch Dermatol Res
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 8000462
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
25 May 2024
25 May 2024
Historique:
received:
12
04
2024
accepted:
26
04
2024
revised:
12
04
2024
medline:
26
5
2024
pubmed:
26
5
2024
entrez:
25
5
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory follicular dermatological condition that typically affects the intertriginous and anogenital regions of the apocrine gland-bearing skin. The management of this chronic and recurring disease necessitates a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and surgical approaches to achieve the best possible outcomes. While medical treatments are recommended for this multimodal disease, surgical therapy, which is the gold standard of treatment for HS, has proven to be the most effective treatment because it provides long-lasting local disease control, reduces the recurrence of lesions, and ensures complete healing of lesions. In the last decade, there has been exponential growth in research into various surgical techniques and reconstructive care, enabling patients to have more surgical options. There is a wide range of surgical management procedures available, such as incision and drainage, deroofing, excisional surgery, carbon dioxide laser therapy, and skin tissue-sparing excision with electrosurgical peeling. Among these surgical procedures, wide surgical excision is the best option since it can eradicate all the affected lesions. Meanwhile, the preferred approach to reconstruction at various anatomical locations remains debatable. Here, we review a variety of surgical treatments and reconstructive techniques for HS, particularly various flap techniques for the axillary, gluteal, and inframammary regions.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38796609
doi: 10.1007/s00403-024-03000-5
pii: 10.1007/s00403-024-03000-5
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
270Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Goldburg SR, Strober BE, Payette MJ (2020) Hidradenitis suppurativa: current and emerging treatments. J Am Acad Dermatol 82(5):1061–1082
pubmed: 31604100
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.089
Wang Z-S, Li J, Ju Q, Lai W, Geng S-M, Kang X-J et al (2022) Prevalence of Acne Inversa (Hidradenitis Suppurativa) in China: a Nationwide Cross-sectional Epidemiological Study. Int J Dermatology Venereol 5(1):1–7
doi: 10.1097/JD9.0000000000000204
Alikhan A, Lynch PJ, Eisen DB (2009) Hidradenitis suppurativa: a comprehensive review. J Am Acad Dermatol 60(4):539–561 quiz 62 – 3
pubmed: 19293006
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.911
Napolitano M, Megna M, Timoshchuk EA, Patruno C, Balato N, Fabbrocini G et al (2017) Hidradenitis suppurativa: from pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 10:105–115
pubmed: 28458570
pmcid: 5402905
doi: 10.2147/CCID.S111019
Matusiak Ł, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC (2010) Hidradenitis suppurativa markedly decreases quality of life and professional activity. J Am Acad Dermatol 62(4):706–708 8.e1
pubmed: 20227585
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.021
Kofler L, Schweinzer K, Heister M, Kohler M, Breuninger H, Häfner HM (2018) Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: an analysis of postoperative outcome, cosmetic results and quality of life in 255 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 32(9):1570–1574
pubmed: 29485211
doi: 10.1111/jdv.14892
Orenstein LAV, Nguyen TV, Damiani G, Sayed C, Jemec GBE, Hamzavi I (2020) Medical and Surgical Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a review of International Treatment guidelines and implementation in General Dermatology Practice. Dermatology 236(5):393–412
pubmed: 32408306
doi: 10.1159/000507323
Zouboulis CC, Desai N, Emtestam L, Hunger RE, Ioannides D, Juhász I et al (2015) European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 29(4):619–644
pubmed: 25640693
doi: 10.1111/jdv.12966
Alavi A, Lynde C, Alhusayen R, Bourcier M, Delorme I, George R et al (2017) Approach to the management of patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a Consensus Document. J Cutan Med Surg 21(6):513–524
pubmed: 28639459
doi: 10.1177/1203475417716117
Scuderi N, Monfrecola A, Dessy LA, Fabbrocini G, Megna M, Monfrecola G (2017) Medical and Surgical Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a review. Skin Appendage Disord 3(2):95–110
pubmed: 28560220
pmcid: 5436059
doi: 10.1159/000462979
Hendricks AJ, Hsiao JL, Lowes MA, Shi VY (2021) A comparison of International Management guidelines for Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatology 237(1):81–96
pubmed: 31645040
doi: 10.1159/000503605
Manfredini M, Garbarino F, Bigi L, Pellacani G, Magnoni C (2020) Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Surgical and Postsurgical Management. Skin Appendage Disord 6(4):195–201
pubmed: 32903939
pmcid: 7445542
doi: 10.1159/000507297
Alharbi Z, Kauczok J, Pallua N (2012) A review of wide surgical excision of hidradenitis suppurativa. BMC Dermatol 12:9
pubmed: 22734714
pmcid: 3407534
doi: 10.1186/1471-5945-12-9
Ruan QZ, Chen AD, Singhal D, Lee BT, Fukudome EY (2018) Surgical management of hidradenitis suppurativa: procedural trends and risk factors. J Surg Res 229:200–207
pubmed: 29936991
doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.04.007
Prens LM, Huizinga J, Janse IC, Horváth B (2019) Surgical outcomes and the impact of major surgery on quality of life, activity impairment and sexual health in hidradenitis suppurativa patients: a prospective single centre study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 33(10):1941–1946
pubmed: 31132177
pmcid: 6852185
doi: 10.1111/jdv.15706
Kohorst JJ, Baum CL, Otley CC, Roenigk RK, Pemberton JH, Dozois EJ et al (2017) Patient satisfaction and quality of Life following surgery for Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 43(1):125–133
pubmed: 28027202
doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000942
Shih T, De DR, Fixsen D, Brooks B, Shi VY, Hsiao JL (2023) Hidradenitis suppurativa surgery: patient perspectives and barriers. Int J Dermatol 62(4):e270–e2
pubmed: 35933652
doi: 10.1111/ijd.16371
Okun MM, Flamm A, Werley EB, Kirby JS (2022) Hidradenitis Suppurativa: diagnosis and management in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med 63(5):636–644
pubmed: 36243614
doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.08.001
Alikhan A, Sayed C, Alavi A, Alhusayen R, Brassard A, Burkhart C et al (2019) North American clinical management guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa: a publication from the United States and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa foundations: part I: diagnosis, evaluation, and the use of complementary and procedural management. J Am Acad Dermatol 81(1):76–90
pubmed: 30872156
pmcid: 9131894
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.067
Jemec GB (2012) Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa. N Engl J Med 366(2):158–164
pubmed: 22236226
doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163
Saylor DK, Brownstone ND, Naik HB (2020) Office-Based Surgical intervention for Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS): a focused review for dermatologists. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 10(4):529–549
pubmed: 32435998
doi: 10.1007/s13555-020-00391-x
van der Zee HH, Prens EP, Boer J (2010) Deroofing: a tissue-saving surgical technique for the treatment of mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 63(3):475–480
pubmed: 20708472
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.018
Mullins JF, McCash WB, Boudreau RF (1959) Treatment of chronic hidradenitis suppurativa: surgical modification. Postgrad Med 26:805–808
pubmed: 14425193
doi: 10.1080/00325481.1959.11712723
Dahmen RA, Gkalpakiotis S, Mardesicova L, Arenberger P, Arenbergerova M (2019) Deroofing followed by thorough sinus tract excision: a modified surgical approach for hidradenitis suppurativa. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 17(7):698–702
pubmed: 31364289
van Hattem S, Spoo JR, Horváth B, Jonkman MF, Leeman FW (2012) Surgical treatment of sinuses by deroofing in hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 38(3):494–497
pubmed: 22211359
doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02255.x
Der Sarkissian S, Frew JW (2021) Ultrasound-guided de-roofing of epithelialised tunnels of hidradenitis suppurativa. Australas J Dermatol 62(3):360–363
doi: 10.1111/ajd.13600
Danby FW, Hazen PG, Boer J (2015) New and traditional surgical approaches to hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 73(5 Suppl 1):S62–S65
pubmed: 26470619
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.043
Lin CH, Chang KP, Huang SH (2016) Deroofing: an effective method for treating chronic diffuse Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 42(2):273–275
pubmed: 26808179
doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000609
Saito-Sasaki N, Sawada Y, Sato S, Sugino H, Minokawa Y, Nanamori H et al (2022) Possible beneficial impact of surgical deroofing procedure to cover the disadvantage of adalimumab treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa. J Dermatol 49(1):e3–e4
pubmed: 34514647
doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.16146
Ngaage LM, Wu Y, Ge S, Gebran S, Liang F, Rada EM et al (2020) Factors influencing the local cure rate of hidradenitis suppurativa following wide local excision. Int Wound J 17(1):117–123
pubmed: 31680472
doi: 10.1111/iwj.13241
Walter AC, Meissner M, Kaufmann R, Valesky E, Pinter A (2018) Hidradenitis Suppurativa after radical surgery-long-term follow-up for recurrences and Associated factors. Dermatol Surg 44(10):1323–1331
pubmed: 30204742
doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001668
Ingram JR, Collier F, Brown D, Burton T, Burton J, Chin MF et al (2019) British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) 2018. Br J Dermatol 180(5):1009–1017
pubmed: 30552762
doi: 10.1111/bjd.17537
Posch C, Monshi B, Quint T, Vujic I, Lilgenau N, Rappersberger K (2017) The role of wide local excision for the treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa (Hurley grade III): retrospective analysis of 74 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 77(1):123–9e5
pubmed: 28377030
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.055
Butrón-Bris B, Lladó I, Gallo E, Navarro R, Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Delgado-Jiménez Y (2023) Wide excision in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Does it modify the course of Disease? Actas Dermosifiliogr 114(6):536–540
pubmed: 36764388
doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.10.045
Mehdizadeh A, Hazen PG, Bechara FG, Zwingerman N, Moazenzadeh M, Bashash M et al (2015) Recurrence of hidradenitis suppurativa after surgical management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 73(5 Suppl 1):S70–S77
pubmed: 26470621
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.044
Rambhatla PV, Lim HW, Hamzavi I (2012) A systematic review of treatments for hidradenitis suppurativa. Arch Dermatol 148(4):439–446
pubmed: 22184715
doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.1950
Rompel R, Petres J (2000) Long-term results of wide surgical excision in 106 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 26(7):638–643
pubmed: 10886270
doi: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.00043.x
Bieniek A, Matusiak L, Okulewicz-Gojlik D, Szepietowski JC (2010) Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: experiences and recommendations. Dermatol Surg 36(12):1998–2004
pubmed: 21040127
doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01763.x
van Rappard DC, Mooij JE, Mekkes JR (2012) Mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa treated with local excision and primary closure. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 26(7):898–902
pubmed: 21812838
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04203.x
Miedema J, Sayed C (2016) Staged excision in the outpatient setting for the treatment of Axillary Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatol Surg 42(2):267–269
pubmed: 26808184
doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000620
Shavit E, Pawliwec A, Alavi A, George R (2020) The surgeon’s perspective: a retrospective study of wide local excisions taken to healthy subcutaneous fat in the management of advanced hidradenitis suppurativa. Can J Surg 63(2):E94–e9
pubmed: 32109015
pmcid: 7828960
doi: 10.1503/cjs.003119
Cuenca-Barrales C, Salvador-Rodríguez L, Arias-Santiago S, Molina-Leyva A (2020) Pre-operative ultrasound planning in the surgical management of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 34(10):2362–2367
pubmed: 32267015
doi: 10.1111/jdv.16435
Elkin K, Daveluy S, Avanaki KM (2020) Hidradenitis suppurativa: current understanding, diagnostic and surgical challenges, and developments in ultrasound application. Skin Res Technol 26(1):11–19
pubmed: 31423654
doi: 10.1111/srt.12759
Lapins J, Sartorius K, Emtestam L (2002) Scanner-assisted carbon dioxide laser surgery: a retrospective follow-up study of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 47(2):280–285
pubmed: 12140476
doi: 10.1067/mjd.2002.124601
Hazen PG, Hazen BP (2010) Hidradenitis suppurativa: successful treatment using carbon dioxide laser excision and marsupialization. Dermatol Surg 36(2):208–213
pubmed: 20039918
doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01427.x
Blok JL, Spoo JR, Leeman FWJ, Jonkman MF, Horváth B (2015) Skin-tissue-sparing excision with Electrosurgical Peeling (STEEP): a surgical treatment option for severe hidradenitis suppurativa Hurley stage II/III. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 29(2):379–382
pubmed: 24460855
doi: 10.1111/jdv.12376
Janse IC, Hellinga J, Blok JL, van den Heuvel ER, Spoo JR, Jonkman MF et al (2016) Skin-tissue-sparing excision with Electrosurgical Peeling: a Case Series in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Acta Derm Venereol 96(3):390–391
pubmed: 26463363
doi: 10.2340/00015555-2258
Manfredini M, Garbarino F, Bigi L, Pellacani G, Magnoni C (2020) Surgical and postsurgical wound care in hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Ther 33(3):e13282
pubmed: 32083788
doi: 10.1111/dth.13282
Soldin MG, Tulley P, Kaplan H, Hudson DA, Grobbelaar AO (2000) Chronic axillary hidradenitis–the efficacy of wide excision and flap coverage. Br J Plast Surg 53(5):434–436
pubmed: 10876285
doi: 10.1054/bjps.1999.3285
Balik E, Eren T, Bulut T, Büyükuncu Y, Bugra D, Yamaner S (2009) Surgical approach to extensive hidradenitis suppurativa in the perineal/perianal and gluteal regions. World J Surg 33(3):481–487
pubmed: 19067039
doi: 10.1007/s00268-008-9845-9
Burney RE (2017) 35-Year experience with Surgical Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. World J Surg 41(11):2723–2730
pubmed: 28612149
doi: 10.1007/s00268-017-4091-7
Bieniek A, Matusiak Ł, Chlebicka I, Szepietowski JC (2013) Secondary intention healing in skin surgery: our own experience and expanded indications in hidradenitis suppurativa, rhinophyma and non-melanoma skin cancers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27(8):1015–1021
pubmed: 22817107
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04646.x
Janse I, Bieniek A, Horváth B, Matusiak Ł (2016) Surgical procedures in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatol Clin 34(1):97–109
pubmed: 26617363
doi: 10.1016/j.det.2015.08.007
Romanowski KS, Galet C, Torres M, Wibbenmeyer L (2023) Evaluation of outcomes following Surgical Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Burn Care Res 44(4):880–886
pubmed: 36573669
doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irac189
Wójcicka K, Krajewski PK, Szepietowski JC (2021) Split-thickness skin graft in one-stage procedure for severe axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Ther 34(4):e15019
pubmed: 34076328
doi: 10.1111/dth.15019
Bohn J, Svensson H (2001) Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 35(3):305–309
pubmed: 11680401
doi: 10.1080/028443101750523230
Ge S, Orbay H, Silverman RP, Rasko YM (2018) Negative pressure wound therapy with Instillation and Dwell Time in the Surgical management of severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Cureus 10(9):e3319
pubmed: 30473952
pmcid: 6248873
Blackburn JH 2nd, Boemi L, Hall WW, Jeffords K, Hauck RM, Banducci DR et al (1998) Negative-pressure dressings as a bolster for skin grafts. Ann Plast Surg 40(5):453–457
pubmed: 9600426
doi: 10.1097/00000637-199805000-00001
Amendola F, Cottone G, Alessandri-Bonetti M, Borelli F, Catapano S, Carbonaro R et al (2023) Reconstruction of the Axillary Region after Excision of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a systematic review. Indian J Plast Surg 56(1):6–12
pubmed: 36998929
doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1758452
Maeda T, Kimura C, Murao N, Takahashi K (2015) Promising long-term outcomes of the reused skin-graft technique for chronic gluteal hidradenitis suppurativa. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 68(9):1268–1275
pubmed: 26084762
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.05.025
Kuo HW, Ohara K (2003) Surgical treatment of chronic gluteal hidradenitis suppurativa: reused skin graft technique. Dermatol Surg 29(2):173–178
pubmed: 12562349
D’Arpa S, Pignatti M, Vieni S, Muradov M, Blondeel P, Cordova A (2019) The thin bilateral and bipedicled DIEAP flap for axillary reconstruction in hidradenitis suppurativa. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 51(6):469–476
pubmed: 31307106
doi: 10.1055/a-0881-9646
Ortiz CL, Castillo VL, Pilarte FS, Barraguer EL (2010) Experience using the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in axillary hidradentitis suppurativa cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg 34(6):785–792
pubmed: 20589498
doi: 10.1007/s00266-010-9544-4
Elgohary H, Nawar AM, Zidan A, Shoulah AA, Younes MT, Hamed AM (2018) Outcome of Pedicled Thoracodorsal Artery Perforator Flap in the Surgical Treatment of Stage II and III Hidradenitis Suppurativa of Axilla. Ann Plast Surg 81(6):688–693
pubmed: 30325840
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001658
Wormald JC, Balzano A, Clibbon JJ, Figus A (2014) Surgical treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa of the axilla: thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap versus split skin graft. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 67(8):1118–1124
pubmed: 24933237
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.04.032
Jandali S, Mirzabeigi MN, Fosnot J, Low DW (2012) Thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps and muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps for the treatment of axillary hidradenitis. Ann Plast Surg 69(4):371–375
pubmed: 22964680
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31824b3d4a
Marchesi A, Marcelli S, Zingaretti N, Parodi PC, Vaienti L (2018) Pedicled Thoracodorsal Artery Perforator and muscle-sparing Latissimus Dorsi flaps in the Axillary Reconstruction after Hidradenitis Suppurativa Excision: functional and aesthetic issues. Ann Plast Surg 81(6):694–701
pubmed: 30300226
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001664
Alavi A, Anooshirvani N, Kim WB, Coutts P, Sibbald RG (2015) Quality-of-life impairment in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: a Canadian study. Am J Clin Dermatol 16(1):61–65
pubmed: 25432664
doi: 10.1007/s40257-014-0105-5
El-Shebly AM, El-Hadidy MR, Shehabeldin SA, El Din AB, Zeina AM, Zayed AE et al (2022) Outcome comparison between thoracodorsal artery perforator flap and muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flap in axillary reconstruction after hidradenitis suppurativa excision. Microsurgery 42(2):143–149
pubmed: 34783373
doi: 10.1002/micr.30837
Varkarakis G, Daniels J, Coker K, Oswald T, Akdemir O, Lineaweaver WC (2010) Treatment of axillary hidradenitis with transposition flaps: a 6-year experience. Ann Plast Surg 64(5):592–594
pubmed: 20395816
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181da1c4f
Wu Y, Ngaage LM, Ge S, Rada EM, Silverman RP, Rasko YM (2020) Reconstruction for axillary hidradenitis suppurativa using one-stage local tissue rearrangement: a retrospective analysis of 53 cases. Int Wound J 17(3):701–707
pubmed: 32067416
pmcid: 7949289
doi: 10.1111/iwj.13319
Datli A, Demirel O (2023) Application of the free-style brachial artery perforator based propellar flap in the management of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. Int Wound J 20(5):1552–1557
pubmed: 36398456
doi: 10.1111/iwj.14010
Endo Y, Tamura A, Ishikawa O, Miyachi Y (1998) Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa: early surgical treatment gives good results in chronic or recurrent cases. Br J Dermatol 139(5):906–910
pubmed: 9892965
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02524.x
Bocchini SF, Habr-Gama A, Kiss DR, Imperiale AR, Araujo SE (2003) Gluteal and perianal hidradenitis suppurativa: surgical treatment by wide excision. Dis Colon Rectum 46(7):944–949
pubmed: 12847371
doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-6691-1
Rees L, Moses M, Clibbon J (2007) The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap in reconstruction following radical excision of groin and vulval hidradenitis suppurativa. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60(12):1363–1365
pubmed: 17928283
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.08.013
Wollina U, Tilp M, Meseg A, Schönlebe J, Heinig B, Nowak A (2012) Management of severe anogenital acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa). Dermatol Surg 38(1):110–117
pubmed: 22092781
doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02157.x
Solanki NS, Roshan A, Malata CM (2009) Pedicled Gracilis myocutaneous flap for treatment of recalcitrant hidradenitis suppurativa of the groin and perineum. J Wound Care 18(3):111–112
pubmed: 19247231
doi: 10.12968/jowc.2009.18.3.39811
Rieger UM, Erba P, Pierer G, Kalbermatten DF (2009) Hidradenitis suppurativa of the groin treated by radical excision and defect closure by medial thigh lift: aesthetic surgery meets reconstructive surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(10):1355–1360
pubmed: 18692456
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.04.035
Benito P, García J, De Juan A, Alcazar JA, Elena E, Cano M (2009) Reconstruction of a perianal defect by means of a bilateral V-Y advancement flap based on the perforating arteries of the gluteus maximus shaped over a cicatricial area. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(3):412–414
pubmed: 18768378
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.05.032
Mizukami T, Fujiwara M, Ishikawa K, Aoyama S, Fukamizu H (2014) Reconstruction for extensive groin hidradenitis suppurativa using a combination of inferior abdominal flap and medial thigh-lift: a case report. Aesthetic Plast Surg 38(4):745–748
pubmed: 24902912
doi: 10.1007/s00266-014-0335-1
Kagan RJ, Yakuboff KP, Warner P, Warden GD (2005) Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a 10-year experience. Surgery 138(4):734–740 discussion 40 – 1
pubmed: 16269303
doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.06.053
Kishi K, Nakajima H, Imanishi N (2009) Reconstruction of skin defects after resection of severe gluteal hidradenitis suppurativa with fasciocutaneous flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(6):800–805
pubmed: 18430623
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.09.063
Kishi K, Nakajima H, Imanishi N, Nakajima T (2009) Extended split superior gluteus maximus musculocutaneous flap and reconstruction after resection of perianal and lower gluteal hidradenitis suppurativa. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(8):1081–1086
pubmed: 18555002
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.01.012
Unal C, Yirmibesoglu OA, Ozdemir J, Hasdemir M (2011) Superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps in reconstruction of gluteal and perianal/perineal hidradenitis suppurativa lesions. Microsurgery 31(7):539–544
pubmed: 21976179
doi: 10.1002/micr.20918
Mutaf M, Günal E, Berberoğlu Ö, Gökçe A (2014) Surgical treatment of extensive sacrococcygeal hidradenitis suppurativa with triangular closure technique. Ann Plast Surg 73(5):583–587
pubmed: 23728245
doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182840831
Moosa HH, McAuley CE, Ramasastry SS (1988) Surgical management of severe mammary hidradenitis suppurativa. Ann Plast Surg 20(1):82–85
pubmed: 3341719
doi: 10.1097/00000637-198801000-00013
Li EN, Mofid MM, Goldberg NH, Silverman RP (2004) Surgical management of hidradenitis suppurativa of the nipple-areolar complex. Ann Plast Surg 52(2):220–223
pubmed: 14745277
doi: 10.1097/01.SAP.0000070641.63963.75
Nakanishi M, Yokota K, Ochi M (2010) Surgical management of hidradenitis suppurativa in the sub-mammary area. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 63(2):e177–e179
pubmed: 19398223
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.01.084
Oliveira M, Sayed C (2020) Surgical Treatment of Intermammary Hidradenitis Suppurativa with a 3-Point Advancement Flap (Mercedes Closure). Dermatol Surg 46(11):1457–1460
pubmed: 31453909
doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002102