Tau protein profiling in tauopathies: a human brain study.


Journal

Molecular neurodegeneration
ISSN: 1750-1326
Titre abrégé: Mol Neurodegener
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101266600

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
19 Jul 2024
Historique:
received: 20 12 2023
accepted: 26 06 2024
medline: 19 7 2024
pubmed: 19 7 2024
entrez: 18 7 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Abnormal accumulation of misfolded and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in brain is the defining feature of several neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, this pathological change is reflected by highly specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau biomarkers, including both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated variants. Interestingly, despite tau pathology being at the core of all tauopathies, CSF tau biomarkers remain unchanged in certain tauopathies, e.g., progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Pick's disease (PiD), and corticobasal neurodegeneration (CBD). To better understand commonalities and differences between tauopathies, we report a multiplex assay combining immunoprecipitation and high-resolution mass spectrometry capable of detecting and quantifying peptides from different tau protein isoforms as well as non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated peptides, including those carrying multiple phosphorylations. We investigated the tau proteoforms in soluble and insoluble fractions of brain tissue from subjects with autopsy-confirmed tauopathies, including sporadic AD (n = 10), PSP (n = 11), PiD (n = 10), and CBD (n = 10), and controls (n = 10). Our results demonstrate that non-phosphorylated tau profiles differ across tauopathies, generally showing high abundance of microtubule-binding region (MTBR)-containing peptides in insoluble protein fractions compared with controls; the AD group showed 12-72 times higher levels of MTBR-containing aggregates. Quantification of tau isoforms showed the 3R being more abundant in PiD and the 4R isoform being more abundant in CBD and PSP in the insoluble fraction. Twenty-three different phosphorylated peptides were quantified. Most phosphorylated peptides were measurable in all investigated tauopathies. All phosphorylated peptides were significantly increased in AD insoluble fraction. However, doubly and triply phosphorylated peptides were significantly increased in AD even in the soluble fraction. Results were replicated using a validation cohort comprising AD (n = 10), CBD (n = 10), and controls (n = 10). Our study demonstrates that abnormal levels of phosphorylation and aggregation do indeed occur in non-AD tauopathies, however, both appear pronouncedly increased in AD, becoming a distinctive characteristic of AD pathology.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39026372
doi: 10.1186/s13024-024-00741-9
pii: 10.1186/s13024-024-00741-9
doi:

Substances chimiques

tau Proteins 0
Protein Isoforms 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

54

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Zhang Y, et al. Tauopathies: new perspectives and challenges. Mol Neurodegeneration. 2022;17(1):28.
doi: 10.1186/s13024-022-00533-z
Irwin DJ. Tauopathies as clinicopathological entities. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;22(0 1):S29–33.
pubmed: 26382841 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.020
Forrest SL, Kril JJ, Halliday GM. Cellular and regional vulnerability in frontotemporal tauopathies. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;138(5):705–27.
pubmed: 31203391 doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02035-7
Arendt T, Stieler JT, Holzer M. Tau and tauopathies. Brain Res Bull. 2016;126(Pt 3):238–92.
pubmed: 27615390 doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.018
Stamelou M et al. Evolving concepts in progressive supranuclear palsy and other 4-repeat tauopathies. Nat Rev Neurol, 2021.
Scheltens P, et al. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):505–17.
pubmed: 26921134 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01124-1
Ferrer I, et al. Glial and neuronal tau Pathology in Tauopathies:characterization of Disease-Specific Phenotypes and Tau Pathology Progression. J Neuropathology Experimental Neurol. 2014;73(1):81–97.
doi: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000030
Jack CR Jr., et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):535–62.
pubmed: 29653606 doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018
Hyman BT, et al. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(1):1–13.
pubmed: 22265587 doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007
Serrano-Pozo A, et al. Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2011;1(1):a006189.
pubmed: 22229116 pmcid: 3234452 doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006189
Goedert M. Molecular dissection of the neurofibrillary lesions of Alzheimer’s disease. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45(3a):403–9.
pubmed: 7763334
Gibbons GS, et al. Detection of Alzheimer Disease (AD)-Specific tau Pathology in AD and NonAD tauopathies by immunohistochemistry with Novel conformation-selective tau antibodies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2018;77(3):216–28.
pubmed: 29415231 pmcid: 6251598 doi: 10.1093/jnen/nly010
Kovacs GG, Ghetti B, Goedert M. Classification of diseases with accumulation of Tau Protein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2022;48(3):e12792.
pubmed: 35064600 pmcid: 9352145 doi: 10.1111/nan.12792
Hoglinger GU, Respondek G, Kovacs GG. New classification of tauopathies. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2018;174(9):664–8.
pubmed: 30098799 doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.07.001
Scheres SH, et al. Cryo-EM structures of tau filaments. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2020;64:17–25.
pubmed: 32603876 doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.011
Falcon B, et al. Structures of filaments from pick’s disease reveal a novel tau protein fold. Nature. 2018;561(7721):137–40.
pubmed: 30158706 pmcid: 6204212 doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0454-y
Zhang W, et al. Novel tau filament fold in corticobasal degeneration. Nature. 2020;580(7802):283–7.
pubmed: 32050258 pmcid: 7148158 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2043-0
Shi Y, et al. Structure-based classification of tauopathies. Nature. 2021;598(7880):359–63.
pubmed: 34588692 pmcid: 7611841 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03911-7
Arakhamia T, et al. Posttranslational modifications mediate the structural diversity of Tauopathy strains. Cell. 2020;180(4):633–e64412.
pubmed: 32032505 pmcid: 7491959 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.027
Wang Y, Mandelkow E. Tau in physiology and pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(1):5–21.
pubmed: 26631930 doi: 10.1038/nrn.2015.1
Kadavath H, et al. Tau stabilizes microtubules by binding at the interface between tubulin heterodimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(24):7501–6.
pubmed: 26034266 pmcid: 4475932 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1504081112
Grundke-Iqbal I, et al. Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(13):4913–7.
pubmed: 3088567 pmcid: 323854 doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.13.4913
Zilka N, et al. Truncated tau from sporadic Alzheimer’s disease suffices to drive neurofibrillary degeneration in vivo. FEBS Lett. 2006;580(15):3582–8.
pubmed: 16753151 doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.029
Suarez-Calvet M, et al. Novel tau biomarkers phosphorylated at T181, T217 or T231 rise in the initial stages of the preclinical Alzheimer’s continuum when only subtle changes in Abeta pathology are detected. EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12(12):e12921.
pubmed: 33169916 pmcid: 7721364 doi: 10.15252/emmm.202012921
Ashton NJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid p-tau231 as an early indicator of emerging pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. EBioMedicine. 2022;76:103836.
pubmed: 35158308 pmcid: 8850760 doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103836
Karikari TK, et al. Blood phosphorylated tau 181 as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease: a diagnostic performance and prediction modelling study using data from four prospective cohorts. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(5):422–33.
pubmed: 32333900 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30071-5
Ashton NJ et al. Plasma p-tau231: a new biomarker for incipient Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Acta Neuropathol, 2021.
Palmqvist S, et al. Discriminative accuracy of plasma Phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer Disease vs Other Neurodegenerative disorders. JAMA. 2020;324(8):772–81.
pubmed: 32722745 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12134
Wu L, et al. Site-specific phospho-tau aggregation-based Biomarker Discovery for AD diagnosis and differentiation. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2022;13(23):3281–90.
pubmed: 36350059 doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00342
Hall S, et al. Accuracy of a panel of 5 cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of patients with dementia and/or parkinsonian disorders. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(11):1445–52.
pubmed: 22925882 doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1654
Barthélemy NR, et al. Differential Mass Spectrometry profiles of tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and dementia with Lewy Bodies. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;51(4):1033–43.
pubmed: 26923020 doi: 10.3233/JAD-150962
Thijssen EH, et al. Plasma phosphorylated tau 217 and phosphorylated tau 181 as biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a retrospective diagnostic performance study. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(9):739–52.
pubmed: 34418401 pmcid: 8711249 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00214-3
Foiani MS, et al. Searching for novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of tau pathology in frontotemporal dementia: an elusive quest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(7):740–6.
pubmed: 30981993 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319266
Ashton NJ, et al. A multicentre validation study of the diagnostic value of plasma neurofilament light. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3400.
pubmed: 34099648 pmcid: 8185001 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23620-z
Drepper F, et al. A combinatorial native MS and LC-MS/MS approach reveals high intrinsic phosphorylation of human tau but minimal levels of other key modifications. J Biol Chem. 2020;295(52):18213–25.
pubmed: 33106314 doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.015882
Azevedo R et al. Mass Spectrometry for Neurobiomarker Discovery: the relevance of post-translational modifications. Cells, 2022. 11(8).
Russell CL, et al. Comprehensive quantitative profiling of Tau and phosphorylated tau peptides in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Mass Spectrometry provides New Biomarker candidates. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;55(1):303–13.
pubmed: 27636850 doi: 10.3233/JAD-160633
Cicognola C, et al. Novel tau fragments in cerebrospinal fluid: relation to tangle pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;137(2):279–96.
pubmed: 30547227 doi: 10.1007/s00401-018-1948-2
Wesseling H, et al. Tau PTM profiles identify patient heterogeneity and stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell. 2020;183(6):1699–713. e13.
pubmed: 33188775 pmcid: 8168922 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.029
Kametani F et al. Comparison of Common and Disease-Specific post-translational modifications of pathological tau Associated with a wide range of Tauopathies. Front NeuroSci, 2020. 14.
Hanger DP, et al. Novel phosphorylation sites in tau from Alzheimer brain support a role for casein kinase 1 in disease pathogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(32):23645–54.
pubmed: 17562708 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M703269200
Barthélemy NR, et al. Tau phosphorylation rates measured by Mass Spectrometry Differ in the intracellular brain vs. extracellular cerebrospinal fluid compartments and are differentially affected by Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:121.
pubmed: 31178717 pmcid: 6537657 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00121
Horie K, et al. Regional correlation of biochemical measures of amyloid and tau phosphorylation in the brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020;8(1):149.
pubmed: 32854776 pmcid: 7450927 doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-01019-z
Bejanin A, et al. Tau pathology and neurodegeneration contribute to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2017;140(12):3286–300.
pubmed: 29053874 pmcid: 5841139 doi: 10.1093/brain/awx243
Arriagada PV, et al. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1992;42(3 Pt 1):631–9.
pubmed: 1549228 doi: 10.1212/WNL.42.3.631
Nelson PT, et al. Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: a review of the literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2012;71(5):362–81.
pubmed: 22487856 doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31825018f7
Serrano-Pozo A, et al. Thal amyloid stages do not significantly Impact the correlation between neuropathological change and cognition in the Alzheimer Disease Continuum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2016;75(6):516–26.
pubmed: 27105663 pmcid: 6250207 doi: 10.1093/jnen/nlw026
Cárdenas-Aguayo Mdel C, et al. The role of tau oligomers in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014;5(12):1178–91.
pubmed: 25268947 doi: 10.1021/cn500148z
Gerson JE, et al. Characterization of tau oligomeric seeds in progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2:73.
pubmed: 24927818 pmcid: 4229782 doi: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-73
Lasagna-Reeves CA, et al. Alzheimer brain-derived tau oligomers propagate pathology from endogenous tau. Sci Rep. 2012;2:700.
pubmed: 23050084 pmcid: 3463004 doi: 10.1038/srep00700
Hawkins BE, et al. Rapid accumulation of endogenous tau oligomers in a rat model of traumatic brain injury: possible link between traumatic brain injury and sporadic tauopathies. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(23):17042–50.
pubmed: 23632019 pmcid: 3675635 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.472746
Ghag G, et al. Soluble tau aggregates, not large fibrils, are the toxic species that display seeding and cross-seeding behavior. Protein Sci. 2018;27(11):1901–9.
pubmed: 30125425 pmcid: 6201727 doi: 10.1002/pro.3499
Lantero-Rodriguez J, et al. P‐tau235: a novel biomarker for staging preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. EMBO Molecular Medicine; 2021.
Montine TJ, et al. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123(1):1–11.
pubmed: 22101365 doi: 10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3
McKhann G, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology. 1984;34(7):939–44.
pubmed: 6610841 doi: 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939
Kovacs GG. Invited review: neuropathology of tauopathies: principles and practice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2015;41(1):3–23.
pubmed: 25495175 doi: 10.1111/nan.12208
Sahara N, Kimura T. Biochemical properties of Pathology-related tau species in Tauopathy brains: an extraction protocol for tau oligomers and aggregates. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1779:435–45.
pubmed: 29886548 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7816-8_26
Camporesi E, et al. Neuroligin-1 in brain and CSF of neurodegenerative disorders: investigation for synaptic biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2021;9(1):19.
pubmed: 33522967 pmcid: 7852195 doi: 10.1186/s40478-021-01119-4
Brinkmalm G, et al. An online nano-LC-ESI-FTICR-MS method for comprehensive characterization of endogenous fragments from amyloid beta and amyloid precursor protein in human and cat cerebrospinal fluid. J Mass Spectrom. 2012;47(5):591–603.
pubmed: 22576872 doi: 10.1002/jms.2987
Sato C, et al. Tau kinetics in neurons and the Human Central Nervous System. Neuron. 2018;97(6):1284–e12987.
pubmed: 29566794 pmcid: 6137722 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.015
Horie K, et al. CSF tau microtubule binding region identifies tau tangle and clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2021;144(2):515–27.
pubmed: 33283854 doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa373
Vermunt L, et al. Duration of preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of Alzheimer’s disease in relation to age, sex, and APOE genotype. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(7):888–98.
pubmed: 31164314 doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.001
Armstrong MJ, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2013;80(5):496–503.
pubmed: 23359374 pmcid: 3590050 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1
Litvan I, et al. Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(6):615–20.
pubmed: 8648326 pmcid: 1073943 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.60.6.615
Liu C, Götz J. Profiling murine tau with 0 N, 1 N and 2 N isoform-specific antibodies in brain and peripheral organs reveals distinct subcellular localization, with the 1 N isoform being enriched in the nucleus. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e84849.
pubmed: 24386422 pmcid: 3875548 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084849
Xia Y, Prokop S, Giasson BI. Don’t Phos over tau: recent developments in clinical biomarkers and therapies targeting tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Mol Neurodegeneration. 2021;16(1):37.
doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00460-5
Boutajangout A, et al. Expression of tau mRNA and soluble tau isoforms in affected and non-affected brain areas in Alzheimer’s disease. FEBS Lett. 2004;576(1–2):183–9.
pubmed: 15474035 doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.011
Dregni AJ, et al. Fluent molecular mixing of tau isoforms in Alzheimer’s disease neurofibrillary tangles. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):2967.
pubmed: 35624093 pmcid: 9142584 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30585-0
Dickson DW. Neuropathologic differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol, 1999. 246 Suppl 2: p. Ii6-15.
Feany MB, Dickson DW. Neurodegenerative disorders with extensive tau pathology: a comparative study and review. Ann Neurol. 1996;40(2):139–48.
pubmed: 8773594 doi: 10.1002/ana.410400204
Kovacs GG, et al. Distribution patterns of tau pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;140(2):99–119.
pubmed: 32383020 pmcid: 7360645 doi: 10.1007/s00401-020-02158-2
Horie K et al. CSF tau microtubule-binding region identifies pathological changes in primary tauopathies. Nat Med, 2022.
Kyalu Ngoie Zola N, et al. Specific post-translational modifications of soluble tau protein distinguishes Alzheimer’s disease and primary tauopathies. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3706.
pubmed: 37349319 pmcid: 10287718 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39328-1
Olsson B, et al. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(7):673–84.
pubmed: 27068280 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00070-3
Janelidze S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid p-tau217 performs better than p-tau181 as a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1683.
pubmed: 32246036 pmcid: 7125218 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15436-0
Quinn JP, et al. Tau proteolysis in the pathogenesis of tauopathies: neurotoxic fragments and novel biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;63(1):13–33.
pubmed: 29630551 pmcid: 5900574 doi: 10.3233/JAD-170959
Wagshal D, et al. Divergent CSF τ alterations in two common tauopathies: Alzheimer’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(3):244–50.
pubmed: 24899730 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308004
Barthélemy NR, et al. Tau protein quantification in human cerebrospinal fluid by targeted Mass Spectrometry at High sequence Coverage provides insights into its primary structure heterogeneity. J Proteome Res. 2016;15(2):667–76.
pubmed: 26742856 doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01001
Basurto-Islas G, et al. Accumulation of aspartic acid421- and glutamic acid391-cleaved tau in neurofibrillary tangles correlates with progression in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(5):470–83.
pubmed: 18431250 doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31817275c7
Piehowski PD, et al. Sources of Technical Variability in quantitative LC–MS proteomics: human brain tissue sample analysis. J Proteome Res. 2013;12(5):2128–37.
pubmed: 23495885 pmcid: 3695475 doi: 10.1021/pr301146m
Arai T, et al. Identification of amino-terminally cleaved tau fragments that distinguish progressive supranuclear palsy from corticobasal degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(1):72–9.
pubmed: 14705114 doi: 10.1002/ana.10793

Auteurs

Juan Lantero-Rodriguez (J)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Elena Camporesi (E)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Laia Montoliu-Gaya (L)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Johan Gobom (J)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Diana Piotrowska (D)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Maria Olsson (M)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.

Irena Matečko Burmann (IM)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Bruno Becker (B)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Ann Brinkmalm (A)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Björn M Burmann (BM)

Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Michael Perkinton (M)

AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.

Nicholas J Ashton (NJ)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, Maurice, UK.
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK.

Nick C Fox (NC)

Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.

Tammaryn Lashley (T)

Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.

Henrik Zetterberg (H)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China.
Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Kaj Blennow (K)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.

Gunnar Brinkmalm (G)

Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. gunnar.brinkmalm@neuro.gu.se.
Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden. gunnar.brinkmalm@neuro.gu.se.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH