Altered levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-5 depend on the

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with tobacco smoking and biomass-burning smoke exposure. Toll-like receptor 4 ( We enrolled 2,092 participants and divided them into two comparisons according to their environmental exposure. SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan probes. Serum cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and INF-γ) were quantified by ELISA. The rs4986790 AA genotype in COPD-TS was associated with a higher COPD risk (OR = 3.53). Haplotype analysis confirmed this association, identifying a block containing the rs4986790 allele (A-C, OR = 3.11). COPD-TS exhibited elevated IL-6, IL-4, and IL-5 levels compared with smokers without COPD (SWOC), whereas COPD-BBS displayed higher IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. The AA carriers in the COPD-TS group had elevated IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ compared with carriers of AG or GG. The rs4986790 common allele and the A-C haplotype (rs4986790-rs4986791) were associated with a higher COPD risk in smokers; COPD patients carrying the AA genotype showed increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.

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Copyright © 2024 Gutiérrez-Romero, Falfán-Valencia, Ramírez-Venegas, Hernández-Zenteno, Flores-Trujillo, Sansores-Martínez, Ramos-Martínez and Pérez-Rubio.

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The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.