Evaluation of an in-house Pan-Malassezia quantitative PCR in human clinical samples.

Althought Malassezia spp. have been involved in various pathologies, they are integral part of the cutaneous, gut, oral, ears, nose and throat (ENT) mycobiota. Since Malassezia are difficult to grow in culture, unexhaustive molecular biology methods have been developed to detect them. The aim of the study was to evaluate an in-house pan-Malassezia quantitative PCR (panM-qPCR) on various clinical human samples and determine Malassezia burden in various human mycobiota. The panM-qPCR was designed to target the repeated 28S rDNA gene from all Malassezia species. We used the assay to quantify the Malassezia burden on 361 samples from 161 subjects (80 skin swabs from 10 healthy volunteers (HV), 13 samples from 2 seborrheic dermatitis patients (SD), 90 skin samples from 19 burned patients, 119 stools samples from 89 immunocompromised patients, 59 ENT samples from 41 patients). For HV, the amount of Malassezia was different according to the swabbed areas. Cq in SD are lower than in HV. In burned patients, Cq was significantly lower compared to HV. In stool samples, 6.7% were positive for Malassezia spp. with a high Cq. For the ENT area, a higher proportion of positive specimens were detected in ears samples than in nose samples. Our findings emphasized the importance of qPCR, confirming elevated Malassezia spp. levels on individuals' faces and scapls, increased burden in SD patients and in severely burnt patients than in HV. The pan-MqPCR appears to be a promising tool for studying Malassezia in various human mycobiota. Malassezia species are ubiquitous members of various human mycobiomes, including cutaneous and mucosal sites. While these fungi have been implicated in several pathologies, their presence as commensals complicates their study, especially due to difficulties in culturing them in vitro. This has necessitated the development of molecular techniques to detect and quantify Malassezia species directly from clinical samples.

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.