The distinct functional brain network and its association with psychotic symptom severity in men with methamphetamine-associated psychosis.


Journal

BMC psychiatry
ISSN: 1471-244X
Titre abrégé: BMC Psychiatry
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968559

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 Oct 2024
Historique:
received: 23 04 2024
accepted: 24 09 2024
medline: 11 10 2024
pubmed: 11 10 2024
entrez: 10 10 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Individuals using methamphetamine (METH) may experience psychosis, which usually requires aggressive treatment. Studies of the neural correlates of METH-associated psychosis (MAP) have focused predominantly on the default mode network (DMN) and cognitive control networks. We hypothesize that METH use alters global functional connections in resting-state brain networks and that certain cross-network connections could be associated with psychosis. We recruited 24 healthy controls (CRL) and 54 men with METH use disorder (MUD) who were then divided into 25 without psychosis (MNP) and 29 with MAP. Psychotic symptom severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), evaluating (1) large-scale alterations in regional-wise resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) across 11 brain networks and (2) associations between rsFC and psychotic symptom severity. The MUD group exhibited greater rsFC between the salience network (SN)-DMN, and subcortical network (SCN)-DMN compared to the CRL group. The MAP group exhibited decreased rsFC in the sensory/somatomotor network (SMN)-dorsal attention network (DAN), SMN-ventral attention network (VAN), SMN-SN, and SMN-auditory network (AN), whereas the MNP group exhibited increased rsFC in the SMN-DMN and the frontoparietal network (FPN)-DMN compared to CRL. Additionally, the MAP group exhibited decreased rsFC strength between the SMN-DMN, SMN-AN, SMN-FPN, and DMN-VAN compared to the MNP group. Furthermore, across the entire MUD group, the PANSS-Positive subscale was negatively correlated with the DMN-FPN and FPN-SMN, while the PANSS-Negative subscale was negatively correlated with the DMN-AN and SMN-SMN. MUD is associated with altered global functional connectivity. In addition, the MAP group exhibits a different brain functional network compared to the MNP group.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Individuals using methamphetamine (METH) may experience psychosis, which usually requires aggressive treatment. Studies of the neural correlates of METH-associated psychosis (MAP) have focused predominantly on the default mode network (DMN) and cognitive control networks. We hypothesize that METH use alters global functional connections in resting-state brain networks and that certain cross-network connections could be associated with psychosis.
METHODS METHODS
We recruited 24 healthy controls (CRL) and 54 men with METH use disorder (MUD) who were then divided into 25 without psychosis (MNP) and 29 with MAP. Psychotic symptom severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), evaluating (1) large-scale alterations in regional-wise resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) across 11 brain networks and (2) associations between rsFC and psychotic symptom severity.
RESULTS RESULTS
The MUD group exhibited greater rsFC between the salience network (SN)-DMN, and subcortical network (SCN)-DMN compared to the CRL group. The MAP group exhibited decreased rsFC in the sensory/somatomotor network (SMN)-dorsal attention network (DAN), SMN-ventral attention network (VAN), SMN-SN, and SMN-auditory network (AN), whereas the MNP group exhibited increased rsFC in the SMN-DMN and the frontoparietal network (FPN)-DMN compared to CRL. Additionally, the MAP group exhibited decreased rsFC strength between the SMN-DMN, SMN-AN, SMN-FPN, and DMN-VAN compared to the MNP group. Furthermore, across the entire MUD group, the PANSS-Positive subscale was negatively correlated with the DMN-FPN and FPN-SMN, while the PANSS-Negative subscale was negatively correlated with the DMN-AN and SMN-SMN.
CONCLUSION CONCLUSIONS
MUD is associated with altered global functional connectivity. In addition, the MAP group exhibits a different brain functional network compared to the MNP group.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39390430
doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06112-4
pii: 10.1186/s12888-024-06112-4
doi:

Substances chimiques

Methamphetamine 44RAL3456C
Central Nervous System Stimulants 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

671

Subventions

Organisme : National Science Council
ID : NSC111-2314-B-038-062-MY2
Organisme : Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan
ID : MOST109-2314-B-532-004; MOST110-2314-B-532-005-MY3
Organisme : Taipei City Government
ID : 11101-62-029

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Panenka WJ, Procyshyn RM, Lecomte T, MacEwan GW, Flynn SW, Honer WG, Barr AM. Methamphetamine use: a comprehensive review of molecular, preclinical and clinical findings. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;129(3):167–79.
pubmed: 23273775 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.016
Courtney KE, Ray LA. Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;143:11–21.
pubmed: 25176528 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003
Dean AC, Groman SM, Morales AM, London ED. An evaluation of the evidence that methamphetamine abuse causes cognitive decline in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(2):259–74.
pubmed: 22948978 doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.179
Huang MC, Yang SY, Lin SK, Chen KY, Chen YY, Kuo CJ, Hung YN. Risk of Cardiovascular diseases and stroke events in methamphetamine users: a 10-Year Follow-Up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(10):1396–403.
pubmed: 27574836 doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m09872
Glasner-Edwards S, Mooney LJ, Marinelli-Casey P, Hillhouse M, Ang A, Rawson R. Methamphetamine Treatment Project Corporate A: clinical course and outcomes of methamphetamine-dependent adults with psychosis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008;35(4):445–50.
pubmed: 18294802 doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.12.004
McKetin R, Lubman DI, Najman JM, Dawe S, Butterworth P, Baker AL. Does methamphetamine use increase violent behaviour? Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Addiction. 2014;109(5):798–806.
pubmed: 24400972 doi: 10.1111/add.12474
McKetin R, McLaren J, Lubman DI, Hides L. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction. 2006;101(10):1473–8.
pubmed: 16968349 doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.x
McKetin R. Methamphetamine psychosis: insights from the past. Addiction. 2018;113(8):1522–7.
pubmed: 29516555 doi: 10.1111/add.14170
Curran C, Byrappa N, McBride A. Stimulant psychosis: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:196–204.
pubmed: 15339823 doi: 10.1192/bjp.185.3.196
Baker JT, Dillon DG, Patrick LM, Roffman JL, Brady RO Jr., Pizzagalli DA, Öngür D, Holmes AJ. Functional connectomics of affective and psychotic pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116(18):9050–9.
pubmed: 30988201 pmcid: 6500110 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1820780116
Finn ES, Shen X, Scheinost D, Rosenberg MD, Huang J, Chun MM, Papademetris X, Constable RT. Functional connectome fingerprinting: identifying individuals using patterns of brain connectivity. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(11):1664–71.
pubmed: 26457551 pmcid: 5008686 doi: 10.1038/nn.4135
Reinen JM, Chén OY, Hutchison RM, Yeo BTT, Anderson KM, Sabuncu MR, Öngür D, Roffman JL, Smoller JW, Baker JT, et al. The human cortex possesses a reconfigurable dynamic network architecture that is disrupted in psychosis. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1157.
pubmed: 29559638 pmcid: 5861099 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03462-y
Meredith CW, Jaffe C, Ang-Lee K, Saxon AJ. Implications of chronic methamphetamine use: a literature review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2005;13(3):141–54.
pubmed: 16020027 doi: 10.1080/10673220591003605
Bernacer J, Corlett PR, Ramachandra P, McFarlane B, Turner DC, Clark L, Robbins TW, Fletcher PC, Murray GK. Methamphetamine-induced disruption of frontostriatal reward learning signals: relation to psychotic symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(11):1326–34.
pubmed: 23732871 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070978
Kohno M, Morales AM, Ghahremani DG, Hellemann G, London ED. Risky decision making, Prefrontal Cortex, and Mesocorticolimbic Functional Connectivity in Methamphetamine Dependence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(7):812–20.
pubmed: 24850532 pmcid: 4119006 doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.399
Salo R, Ursu S, Buonocore MH, Leamon MH, Carter C. Impaired prefrontal cortical function and disrupted adaptive cognitive control in methamphetamine abusers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(8):706–9.
pubmed: 19136097 pmcid: 2678684 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.026
Zalesky A, Fornito A, Cocchi L, Gollo LL, Breakspear M. Time-resolved resting-state brain networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(28):10341–6.
pubmed: 24982140 pmcid: 4104861 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400181111
Fox MD, Raichle ME. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(9):700–11.
pubmed: 17704812 doi: 10.1038/nrn2201
Chen C, Hsu FC, Li CW, Huang MC. Structural, functional, and neurochemical neuroimaging of methamphetamine-associated psychosis: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2019;292:23–31.
pubmed: 31476712 doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.06.002
Ipser JC, Uhlmann A, Taylor P, Harvey BH, Wilson D, Stein DJ. Distinct intrinsic functional brain network abnormalities in methamphetamine-dependent patients with and without a history of psychosis. Addict Biol. 2018;23(1):347–58.
pubmed: 27917569 doi: 10.1111/adb.12478
Zhang S, Hu Q, Tang T, Liu C, Li C, Zang YY, Cai WX. Changes in Gray Matter Density, Regional Homogeneity, and functional connectivity in Methamphetamine-Associated psychosis: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:4020–30.
pubmed: 29897049 pmcid: 6030991 doi: 10.12659/MSM.905354
McKetin R, Voce A, Burns R, Ali R, Lubman DI, Baker AL, Castle DJ. Latent psychotic symptom profiles Amongst people who Use Methamphetamine: what do they tell us about existing diagnostic categories? Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:578.
pubmed: 30524318 pmcid: 6262399 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00578
Chen WJ, Liu SK, Chang CJ, Lien YJ, Chang YH, Hwu HG. Sustained attention deficit and schizotypal personality features in nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(9):1214–20.
pubmed: 9734545 doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.9.1214
Nurnberger JI Jr., Blehar MC, Kaufmann CA, York-Cooler C, Simpson SG, Harkavy-Friedman J, Severe JB, Malaspina D, Reich T. Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(11):849–59. discussion 863 – 844.
pubmed: 7944874 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950110009002
Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Heinzerling K, Ling W. Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(2):Cd003021.
pubmed: 19370579 pmcid: 7138250
Tai T-o, Yi C-C, Liu C-H. Early marriage in Taiwan: evidence from Panel Data. J Fam Issues. 2019;40(14):1989–2014.
doi: 10.1177/0192513X19863211
Chen AS-y, Lin G-h, Yang H-w. Staying connected: effects of social connectedness, cultural intelligence, and socioeconomic status on overseas students’ life satisfaction. Int J Intercultural Relations. 2021;83:151–62.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.06.002
Hollingshead AB. Four factor index of social status. In.: New Haven, CT; 1975.
Lane HY, Lee CC, Chang YC, Lu CT, Huang CH, Chang WH. Effects of dopamine D2 receptor Ser311Cys polymorphism and clinical factors on risperidone efficacy for positive and negative symptoms and social function. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;7(4):461–70.
pubmed: 15140279 doi: 10.1017/S1461145704004389
Lu M-L, Che HH, Chang S, Shen WW. Reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Taiwan J Psychiatry. 2002;16:301–10.
Lee DT, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Leung TY, Chung TK. Screening for postnatal depression: are specific instruments mandatory? J Affect Disord. 2001;63(1–3):233–8.
pubmed: 11246101 doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00193-2
Hsu AL, Hou P, Johnson JM, Wu CW, Noll KR, Prabhu SS, Ferguson SD, Kumar VA, Schomer DF, Hazle JD, et al. IClinfMRI Software for integrating functional MRI techniques in Presurgical Mapping and Clinical studies. Front Neuroinformatics. 2018;12:11.
doi: 10.3389/fninf.2018.00011
Cox RW. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput Biomed Res. 1996;29(3):162–73.
pubmed: 8812068 doi: 10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014
Goto M, Abe O, Miyati T, Yamasue H, Gomi T, Takeda T. Head Motion and correction methods in resting-state functional MRI. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2016;15(2):178–86.
pubmed: 26701695 doi: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2015-0060
Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE. Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. NeuroImage. 2012;59(3):2142–54.
pubmed: 22019881 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018
Power JD, Cohen AL, Nelson SM, Wig GS, Barnes KA, Church JA, Vogel AC, Laumann TO, Miezin FM, Schlaggar BL, et al. Functional network organization of the human brain. Neuron. 2011;72(4):665–78.
pubmed: 22099467 pmcid: 3222858 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.006
Di Martino A, Scheres A, Margulies DS, Kelly AM, Uddin LQ, Shehzad Z, Biswal B, Walters JR, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state FMRI study. Cerebral cortex (New York, NY: 1991) 2008, 18(12):2735–2747.
Yarkoni T, Poldrack RA, Nichols TE, Van Essen DC, Wager TD. Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. Nat Methods. 2011;8(8):665–70.
pubmed: 21706013 pmcid: 3146590 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1635
Taylor PA, Saad ZS. FATCAT: (an efficient) functional and Tractographic Connectivity Analysis Toolbox. Brain Connect. 2013;3(5):523–35.
pubmed: 23980912 pmcid: 3796333 doi: 10.1089/brain.2013.0154
Zalesky A, Fornito A, Bullmore ET. Network-based statistic: identifying differences in brain networks. NeuroImage. 2010;53(4):1197–207.
pubmed: 20600983 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.041
Scott JCC. Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: a critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2007, 17(3).
Zhang R, Volkow ND. Brain default-mode network dysfunction in addiction. NeuroImage. 2019;200:313–31.
pubmed: 31229660 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.036
Li Q, Yang WC, Wang YR, Huang YF, Li W, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhao LY, Qin W, Yuan K, et al. Abnormal function of the posterior cingulate cortex in heroin addicted users during resting-state and drug-cue stimulation task. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126(4):734–9.
pubmed: 23422198 doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20120960
Wetherill RR, Fang Z, Jagannathan K, Childress AR, Rao H, Franklin TR. Cannabis, cigarettes, and their co-occurring use: disentangling differences in default mode network functional connectivity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;153:116–23.
pubmed: 26094186 pmcid: 4509835 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.046
Smallwood J, Brown K, Baird B, Schooler JW. Cooperation between the default mode network and the frontal-parietal network in the production of an internal train of thought. Brain Res. 2012;1428:60–70.
pubmed: 21466793 doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.072
Vincent JL, Kahn I, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Buckner RL. Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol. 2008;100(6):3328–42.
pubmed: 18799601 pmcid: 2604839 doi: 10.1152/jn.90355.2008
Gao W, Lin W. Frontal parietal control network regulates the anti-correlated default and dorsal attention networks. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012;33(1):192–202.
pubmed: 21391263 doi: 10.1002/hbm.21204
Menon V, Uddin LQ. Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214(5–6):655–67.
pubmed: 20512370 pmcid: 2899886 doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0
Naqvi NH, Bechara A. The hidden island of addiction: the insula. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(1):56–67.
pubmed: 18986715 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.009
Naqvi NH, Bechara A. The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214(5–6):435–50.
pubmed: 20512364 pmcid: 3698865 doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0268-7
Li X, Su H, Zhong N, Chen T, Du J, Xiao K, Xu D, Song W, Jiang H, Zhao M. Aberrant resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in methamphetamine-dependent individuals after six months abstinence. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:191.
pubmed: 32296352 pmcid: 7137100 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00191
Abraham A. The world according to me: personal relevance and the medial prefrontal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:341.
pubmed: 23847510 pmcid: 3698455 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00341
Andrews-Hanna JR, Smallwood J, Spreng RN. The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1316(1):29–52.
pubmed: 24502540 pmcid: 4039623 doi: 10.1111/nyas.12360
Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ. Impaired self-awareness in human addiction: deficient attribution of personal relevance. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18(12):635–41.
pubmed: 25278368 pmcid: 4254155 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.003
Cole MW, Reynolds JR, Power JD, Repovs G, Anticevic A, Braver TS. Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16(9):1348–55.
pubmed: 23892552 pmcid: 3758404 doi: 10.1038/nn.3470
Cole MW, Repovš G, Anticevic A. The frontoparietal control system: a central role in mental health. Neuroscientist: Rev J Bringing Neurobiol Neurol Psychiatry. 2014;20(6):652–64.
doi: 10.1177/1073858414525995
Lewandowski KE, McCarthy JM, Öngür D, Norris LA, Liu GZ, Juelich RJ, Baker JT. Functional connectivity in distinct cognitive subtypes in psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2019;204:120–6.
pubmed: 30126818 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.013
Li Q, Liu J, Wang W, Wang Y, Li W, Chen J, Zhu J, Yan X, Li Y, Li Z, et al. Disrupted coupling of large-scale networks is associated with relapse behaviour in heroin-dependent men. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018;43(1):48–57.
pubmed: 29252165 doi: 10.1503/jpn.170011
Liang X, He Y, Salmeron BJ, Gu H, Stein EA, Yang Y. Interactions between the salience and default-mode networks are disrupted in cocaine addiction. J Neuroscience: Official J Soc Neurosci. 2015;35(21):8081–90.
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3188-14.2015
Gong M, Shen Y, Liang W, Zhang Z, He C, Lou M, Xu Z. Impairments in the default Mode and executive networks in methamphetamine users during short-term abstinence. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:6073–84.
pubmed: 35821766 pmcid: 9271316 doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S369571
Morillon B, Lehongre K, Frackowiak RS, Ducorps A, Kleinschmidt A, Poeppel D, Giraud AL. Neurophysiological origin of human brain asymmetry for speech and language. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(43):18688–93.
pubmed: 20956297 pmcid: 2972980 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1007189107
Corbetta M, Patel G, Shulman GL. The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron. 2008;58(3):306–24.
pubmed: 18466742 pmcid: 2441869 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017
Su MF, Liu MX, Li JQ, Lappin JM, Li SX, Wu P, Liu ZM, Shi J, Lu L, Bao Y. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of Methamphetamine-Associated psychotic symptoms. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:489.
pubmed: 30369888 pmcid: 6194209 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00489
Smith SM, Nichols TE, Vidaurre D, Winkler AM, Behrens TE, Glasser MF, Ugurbil K, Barch DM, Van Essen DC, Miller KL. A positive-negative mode of population covariation links brain connectivity, demographics and behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(11):1565–7.
pubmed: 26414616 pmcid: 4625579 doi: 10.1038/nn.4125
Tanabe J, Nyberg E, Martin LF, Martin J, Cordes D, Kronberg E, Tregellas JR. Nicotine effects on default mode network during resting state. Psychopharmacology. 2011;216(2):287–95.
pubmed: 21331518 pmcid: 3486925 doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2221-8
Fedota JR, Stein EA. Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: prospects for biomarker development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1349(1):64–82.
pubmed: 26348486 pmcid: 4563817 doi: 10.1111/nyas.12882

Auteurs

Zhen-An Hwang (ZA)

Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Ai-Ling Hsu (AL)

Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Chia-Wei Li (CW)

Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.

Changwei W Wu (CW)

Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Chun-Hsin Chen (CH)

Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Wing P Chan (WP)

Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. wingchan@tmu.edu.tw.
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. wingchan@tmu.edu.tw.

Ming-Chyi Huang (MC)

Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. mch@tpech.gov.tw.
Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. mch@tpech.gov.tw.
Department of Addiction Sciences, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. mch@tpech.gov.tw.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH