Exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and prostate cancer among U.S. adult men.
Environmental health
Epidemiology
Herbicides
Prostate cancer
Journal
World journal of urology
ISSN: 1433-8726
Titre abrégé: World J Urol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 8307716
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 Nov 2024
01 Nov 2024
Historique:
received:
17
06
2024
accepted:
22
10
2024
medline:
1
11
2024
pubmed:
1
11
2024
entrez:
1
11
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed male malignancy in the U.S. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a commonly used herbicide and potential carcinogen. The researchers evaluated the association between prostate cancer and 2,4-D. Data was leveraged from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a population-based, cross-sectional study of men and women in the U.S. Our cohort of interest was men aged 50 years and over. Urinary 2,4-D served as the measure of exposure. Our primary outcome was history of prostate cancer based on an individual's reply of "yes" to either ever having been diagnosed with prostate cancer and/or having received treatment for prostate cancer. Chi-square, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariable, weighted logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between 2,4-D and prostate cancer. We identified 1,788 eligible men, representing an estimated 691,709 men after survey weighting. The median 2,4-D level was 0.28 µg/L (IQR: 0.26-0.53), and the geometric mean was 0.38 µg/L. Increasing exposure of 2,4-D was associated with prostate cancer (OR 1.72, 95% CI [1.2,2.4]). Individuals in the highest quartile of 2,4-D exposure had a higher odds of a prostate cancer diagnosis compared to the lowest quartile (OR = 3.46 95% CI [1.11,10.72]). Age stratification revealed statistically significant associations between 2,4-D and prostate cancer in men age 70 + who were in the highest quartile of exposure (OR = 3.79 95% CI [1.51,9.52]). These findings implicate 2,4-D exposure in the risk of prostate cancer. Future studies are warranted to corroborate these findings and elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these associations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39482554
doi: 10.1007/s00345-024-05336-z
pii: 10.1007/s00345-024-05336-z
doi:
Substances chimiques
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2577AQ9262
Herbicides
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
611Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Rawla P (2019) Epidemiology of prostate Cancer. World J Oncol 10(2):63–89
doi: 10.14740/wjon1191
pubmed: 31068988
pmcid: 6497009
Olsen TA, Filson Christopher P, Richards Thomas B, Ekwueme Donatus U, Howard David H (2023) The cost of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States. Urol Pract 10(1):41–47
doi: 10.1097/UPJ.0000000000000363
pubmed: 37103444
Wang L, Lu B, He M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Du L (2022) Prostate Cancer incidence and mortality: global status and temporal trends in 89 countries from 2000 to 2019. Front Public Health 10:811044
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.811044
pubmed: 35252092
pmcid: 8888523
Gann PH (2002) Risk factors for prostate cancer. Rev Urol 4(Suppl 5):S3–s10
pubmed: 16986064
pmcid: 1476014
Pardo LA, Beane Freeman LE, Lerro CC, Andreotti G, Hofmann JN, Parks CG et al (2020) Pesticide exposure and risk of aggressive prostate cancer among private pesticide applicators. Environ Health 19(1):30
doi: 10.1186/s12940-020-00583-0
pubmed: 32138787
pmcid: 7059337
Silva JF, Mattos IE, Luz LL, Carmo CN, Aydos RD (2016) Exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer: systematic review of the literature. Rev Environ Health 31(3):311–327
doi: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0001
pubmed: 27244877
Alavanja MCR, Samanic C, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Tarone R, Lynch CF et al (2003) Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the agricultural health study cohort. Am J Epidemiol 157(9):800–814
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg040
pubmed: 12727674
Colbach N, Petit S, Chauvel B, Deytieux V, Lechenet M, Munier-Jolain N et al (2020) The pitfalls of relating weeds, herbicide use, and crop yield: don’t fall into the trap! a critical review. Front Agron 2
Freisthler MS, Robbins CR, Benbrook CM, Young HA, Haas DM, Winchester PD et al (2022) Association between increasing agricultural use of 2,4-D and population biomarkers of exposure: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2001–2014. Environ Health 21(1):23
doi: 10.1186/s12940-021-00815-x
pubmed: 35139875
pmcid: 8830015
Glover FE, Del Giudice F, Belladelli F, Ryan PB, Chen T, Eisenberg ML et al (2021) The association between 2,4-D and serum testosterone levels: NHANES 2013–2014. J Endocrinol Investig 45(3).
Islam F, Wang J, Farooq MA, Khan MSS, Xu L, Zhu J et al (2018) Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. Environ Int 111:332–351
doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020
pubmed: 29203058
Ju Z, Liu SS, Xu YQ, Li K (2019) Combined toxicity of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its metabolites 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on two nontarget organisms. ACS Omega 4(1):1669–1677
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02282
pubmed: 31459423
pmcid: 6648169
Burns C, Bodner K, Swaen G, Collins J, Beard K, Lee M (2011) Cancer incidence of 2,4-D production workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(9):3579–3590
doi: 10.3390/ijerph8093579
pubmed: 22016704
pmcid: 3194105
Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, Lang B, Fang R, Gallagher RP et al (2011) Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in British Columbia farmers. Prostate 71(2):168–183
doi: 10.1002/pros.21232
pubmed: 20799287
Lopes-Ferreira M, Farinha LRL, Costa YSO, Pinto FJ, Disner GR, da Rosa J et al (2023) Pesticide-Induced inflammation at a glance. Toxics 11(11)
Ince S, Demirel HH, Zemheri-Navruz F, Arslan-Acaroz D, Kucukkurt I, Acaroz U et al (2023) Synergistic toxicity of ethanol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid enhances oxidant status, DNA damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30(4):10710–10723
doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22964-3
pubmed: 36085217
Mahmoudinia S, Niapour A, Ghasemi Hamidabadi H, Mazani M (2019) 2,4-D causes oxidative stress induction and apoptosis in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(25):26170–26183
doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05837-0
pubmed: 31280441
Loomis D, Guyton K, Grosse Y, El Ghissasi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L et al (2015) Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Lancet Oncol 16(8):891–892
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00081-9
pubmed: 26111929
Ibrahim MA, Bond GG, Burke TA, Cole P, Dost FN, Enterline PE et al (1991) Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D. Environ Health Perspect 96:213–222
doi: 10.1289/ehp.9196213
pubmed: 1820267
pmcid: 1568222
National H, Nutrition Examination S (1997) NHANES III plan and operations procedures manuals CD-ROM: draft. National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
Ahluwalia N, Dwyer J, Terry A, Moshfegh A, Johnson C (2016) Update on NHANES Dietary Data: Focus on Collection, Release, Analytical considerations, and uses to inform Public Policy. Adv Nutr 7(1):121–134
doi: 10.3945/an.115.009258
pubmed: 26773020
pmcid: 4717880
Textor J, van der Zander B, Gilthorpe MS, Liśkiewicz M, Ellison GTH (2016) Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package ‘dagitty’. Int J Epidemiol 45(6):1887–1894
pubmed: 28089956
Diop A, Lefebvre G, Duchaine CS, Laurin D, Talbot D (2021) The impact of adjusting for pure predictors of exposure, mediator, and outcome on the variance of natural direct and indirect effect estimators. Stat Med 40(10):2339–2354
doi: 10.1002/sim.8906
pubmed: 33650232
pmcid: 8048855
Morgan MK, Sheldon LS, Thomas KW, Egeghy PP, Croghan CW, Jones PA et al (2008) Adult and children’s exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18(5):486–494
doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500641
pubmed: 18167507
Burns CJ, Swaen GM (2012) Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology. Crit Rev Toxicol 42(9):768–786
doi: 10.3109/10408444.2012.710576
pubmed: 22876750
pmcid: 3483058
Rajendran A, Mahalingam S, Ramesh Babu G, Rajeshwari Rajendra K, Nathan B (2021) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid poisoning mimicking as Organophosphorus Poisoning. Cureus 13(1):e12852
pubmed: 33633885
pmcid: 7899260
Song Y (2014) Insight into the mode of action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide. J Integr Plant Biol 56(2):106–113
doi: 10.1111/jipb.12131
pubmed: 24237670
Shukla S, Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Kanwal R, Nawab A, Sharma H et al (2020) Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in high-risk prostate cancer subjects. Diagnostics (Basel) 10(3)
Sfanos KS, De Marzo AM (2012) Prostate cancer and inflammation: the evidence. Histopathology 60(1):199–215
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04033.x
pubmed: 22212087
pmcid: 4029103
De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Sutcliffe S, Xu J, Grönberg H, Drake CG et al (2007) Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 7(4):256–269
doi: 10.1038/nrc2090
pubmed: 17384581
pmcid: 3552388
Nickel JC, Roehrborn CG, O’Leary MP, Bostwick DG, Somerville MC, Rittmaster RS (2008) The relationship between prostate inflammation and lower urinary tract symptoms: examination of baseline data from the REDUCE trial. Eur Urol 54(6):1379–1384
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.11.026
pubmed: 18036719
Garry VF, Tarone RE, Kirsch IR, Abdallah JM, Lombardi DP, Long LK et al (2001) Biomarker correlations of urinary 2,4-D levels in foresters: genomic instability and endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect 109(5):495–500
doi: 10.1289/ehp.01109495
pubmed: 11401761
pmcid: 1240309
Horn S, Pieters R, Bøhn T (2020) May agricultural water sources containing mixtures of agrochemicals cause hormonal disturbances? Sci Total Environ 711:134862
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134862
pubmed: 31810692
Corti M, Lorenzetti S, Ubaldi A, Zilli R, Marcoccia D (2022) Endocrine disruptors and prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 23(3)
Garabrant DH, Philbert MA (2002) Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) epidemiology and toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 32(4):233–257
doi: 10.1080/20024091064237
pubmed: 12184504
Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFP et al (2020) Acute and chronic toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil formulations (individually and in mixture) to the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia Silvestrii. Ecotoxicology 29(9):1462–1475
doi: 10.1007/s10646-020-02275-4
pubmed: 32860623
da Silva Pinto TJ, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Fraga PD et al (2021) Toxicity of fipronil and 2,4-D formulations (alone and in a mixture) to the tropical amphipod Hyalella meinerti. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28(28):38308–38321
doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13296-9
pubmed: 33733415
Singh N, Gupta VK, Kumar A, Sharma B (2017) Synergistic effects of heavy metals and pesticides in living systems. Front Chem 5:70
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00070
pubmed: 29075624
pmcid: 5641569