{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Électrons : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes",
"headline": "Électrons : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements",
"description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Électrons : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.",
"datePublished": "2024-02-24",
"dateModified": "2025-02-18",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"medicalAudience": [
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Grand public",
"audienceType": "Patient",
"healthCondition": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Électrons"
},
"suggestedMinAge": 18,
"suggestedGender": "unisex"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Médecins",
"audienceType": "Physician",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "France"
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Chercheurs",
"audienceType": "Researcher",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "International"
}
}
],
"reviewedBy": {
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Dr Olivier Menir",
"jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine",
"description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale",
"url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html",
"alumniOf": {
"@type": "EducationalOrganization",
"name": "Université Paris Descartes"
}
},
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Phénomènes électromagnétiques",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D055590",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Phénomènes électromagnétiques",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D055590",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "G01.358.500"
}
}
},
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Électrons",
"alternateName": "Electrons",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D004583",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
}
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Andrew Adamatzky",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Andrew%20Adamatzky",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. andrew.adamatzky@uwe.ac.uk."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Neil Phillips",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Neil%20Phillips",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Alessandro Chiolerio",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Alessandro%20Chiolerio",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Anna Nikolaidou",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Anna%20Nikolaidou",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Alix McCollam",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Alix%20McCollam",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands."
}
}
],
"citation": [
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Review of HIV Self Testing Technologies and Promising Approaches for the Next Generation.",
"datePublished": "2023-02-20",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36832064",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3390/bios13020298"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Empowerment through health self-testing apps? Revisiting empowerment as a process.",
"datePublished": "2023-01-02",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36592301",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1007/s11019-022-10132-w"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Self-Testing as a Hope to Reduce HIV in Transgender Women-Literature Review.",
"datePublished": "2022-07-30",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35954695",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3390/ijerph19159331"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Acceptability and feasibility of HIV self-testing in Southeast Asia: A scoping review.",
"datePublished": "2023-07-12",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37436257",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1177/09564624231188747"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "[Budget impact of self-testing in the national cervical cancer screening program].",
"datePublished": "2023-04-14",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37062157",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1016/j.respe.2023.101838"
}
}
],
"breadcrumb": {
"@type": "BreadcrumbList",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 1,
"name": "questionsmedicales.fr",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 2,
"name": "Phénomènes physiques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D055585"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 3,
"name": "Phénomènes magnétiques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D060328"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 4,
"name": "Phénomènes électromagnétiques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D055590"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 5,
"name": "Électrons",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583"
}
]
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Article complet : Électrons - Questions et réponses",
"headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Électrons",
"description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.",
"datePublished": "2025-05-15",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Diagnostic",
"headline": "Diagnostic sur Électrons",
"description": "Comment détecte-t-on des électrons dans un échantillon ?\nQuels appareils mesurent les électrons ?\nPeut-on visualiser les électrons ?\nQuel rôle jouent les électrons dans les réactions chimiques ?\nComment les électrons affectent-ils la conductivité ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583?mesh_terms=Self-Testing&page=2#section-diagnostic"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Symptômes",
"headline": "Symptômes sur Électrons",
"description": "Quels symptômes sont liés à une exposition excessive aux électrons ?\nComment l'exposition aux électrons affecte-t-elle la santé ?\nQuels signes indiquent une surdose d'électrons ?\nLes électrons peuvent-ils causer des maladies ?\nQuels effets à long terme l'exposition aux électrons peut-elle avoir ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583?mesh_terms=Self-Testing&page=2#section-symptômes"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Prévention",
"headline": "Prévention sur Électrons",
"description": "Comment prévenir l'exposition aux électrons ?\nQuelles mesures de sécurité en laboratoire sont nécessaires ?\nComment réduire les risques d'exposition aux radiations ?\nQuels équipements protègent contre les électrons ?\nComment sensibiliser aux dangers des électrons ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583?mesh_terms=Self-Testing&page=2#section-prévention"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Traitements",
"headline": "Traitements sur Électrons",
"description": "Comment traiter les brûlures causées par les électrons ?\nY a-t-il des antidotes pour l'exposition aux électrons ?\nComment gérer les effets des radiations sur la santé ?\nQuels traitements sont disponibles pour les cancers liés aux électrons ?\nComment traiter les mutations cellulaires causées par les électrons ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583?mesh_terms=Self-Testing&page=2#section-traitements"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Complications",
"headline": "Complications sur Électrons",
"description": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir après une exposition ?\nLes électrons peuvent-ils causer des maladies chroniques ?\nQuels effets secondaires sont liés aux traitements des électrons ?\nComment les électrons affectent-ils le système immunitaire ?\nQuelles sont les conséquences d'une exposition aiguë ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583?mesh_terms=Self-Testing&page=2#section-complications"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Facteurs de risque",
"headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Électrons",
"description": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque d'exposition aux électrons ?\nComment l'environnement influence-t-il l'exposition aux électrons ?\nLes enfants sont-ils plus à risque d'exposition ?\nQuels comportements augmentent le risque d'exposition ?\nComment les antécédents médicaux influencent-ils le risque ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004583?mesh_terms=Self-Testing&page=2#section-facteurs de risque"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "FAQPage",
"mainEntity": [
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment détecte-t-on des électrons dans un échantillon ?",
"position": 1,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "On utilise des détecteurs de particules comme les chambres à bulles ou les compteurs Geiger."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels appareils mesurent les électrons ?",
"position": 2,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les spectromètres de masse et les microscopes électroniques mesurent les électrons."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Peut-on visualiser les électrons ?",
"position": 3,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, via des techniques comme la microscopie électronique à transmission."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quel rôle jouent les électrons dans les réactions chimiques ?",
"position": 4,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les électrons participent aux liaisons chimiques et aux transferts d'énergie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment les électrons affectent-ils la conductivité ?",
"position": 5,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les électrons libres dans un matériau déterminent sa conductivité électrique."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels symptômes sont liés à une exposition excessive aux électrons ?",
"position": 6,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une exposition excessive peut causer des brûlures cutanées ou des lésions tissulaires."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment l'exposition aux électrons affecte-t-elle la santé ?",
"position": 7,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Elle peut entraîner des effets biologiques comme des mutations cellulaires."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels signes indiquent une surdose d'électrons ?",
"position": 8,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des symptômes comme des nausées ou des vertiges peuvent survenir."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les électrons peuvent-ils causer des maladies ?",
"position": 9,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, une exposition prolongée peut augmenter le risque de cancers."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels effets à long terme l'exposition aux électrons peut-elle avoir ?",
"position": 10,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des effets à long terme incluent des troubles neurologiques ou des cancers."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment prévenir l'exposition aux électrons ?",
"position": 11,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Utiliser des équipements de protection et respecter les normes de sécurité."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles mesures de sécurité en laboratoire sont nécessaires ?",
"position": 12,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Porter des gants, des lunettes de protection et travailler sous hotte."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment réduire les risques d'exposition aux radiations ?",
"position": 13,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Limiter le temps d'exposition et augmenter la distance des sources de radiation."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels équipements protègent contre les électrons ?",
"position": 14,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des écrans en plomb ou des barrières de protection sont efficaces."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment sensibiliser aux dangers des électrons ?",
"position": 15,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Organiser des formations et des campagnes d'information sur les risques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment traiter les brûlures causées par les électrons ?",
"position": 16,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les brûlures doivent être nettoyées et couvertes, et des analgésiques peuvent être prescrits."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des antidotes pour l'exposition aux électrons ?",
"position": 17,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Il n'existe pas d'antidote spécifique, mais un traitement symptomatique est recommandé."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment gérer les effets des radiations sur la santé ?",
"position": 18,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "La gestion inclut des soins médicaux, des suivis réguliers et des traitements ciblés."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels traitements sont disponibles pour les cancers liés aux électrons ?",
"position": 19,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les traitements incluent la chimiothérapie, la radiothérapie et la chirurgie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment traiter les mutations cellulaires causées par les électrons ?",
"position": 20,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le traitement dépend du type de mutation, souvent par des thérapies ciblées."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir après une exposition ?",
"position": 21,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des complications comme des cancers ou des troubles génétiques peuvent survenir."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les électrons peuvent-ils causer des maladies chroniques ?",
"position": 22,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, l'exposition prolongée peut entraîner des maladies chroniques comme des cancers."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels effets secondaires sont liés aux traitements des électrons ?",
"position": 23,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les effets secondaires incluent la fatigue, des nausées et des troubles sanguins."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment les électrons affectent-ils le système immunitaire ?",
"position": 24,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une exposition excessive peut affaiblir le système immunitaire, augmentant les infections."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles sont les conséquences d'une exposition aiguë ?",
"position": 25,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une exposition aiguë peut entraîner des brûlures, des lésions tissulaires et des douleurs."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque d'exposition aux électrons ?",
"position": 26,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les travailleurs en laboratoire, les radiologues et les techniciens sont à risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment l'environnement influence-t-il l'exposition aux électrons ?",
"position": 27,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des environnements industriels ou médicaux peuvent augmenter l'exposition aux électrons."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les enfants sont-ils plus à risque d'exposition ?",
"position": 28,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les enfants sont plus sensibles aux effets des radiations et des électrons."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels comportements augmentent le risque d'exposition ?",
"position": 29,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des comportements comme le non-port de protections augmentent le risque d'exposition."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment les antécédents médicaux influencent-ils le risque ?",
"position": 30,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des antécédents de maladies peuvent augmenter la vulnérabilité aux effets des électrons."
}
}
]
}
]
}
The ability to self-test for HIV is vital to preventing transmission, particularly when used in concert with HIV biomedical prevention modalities, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In this pape...
Empowerment, an already central concept in public health, has gained additional relevance through the expansion of mobile health (mHealth). Especially direct-to-consumer self-testing app companies mob...
So far, the rate of HIV-positive people who do not know their sero-status is about 14% and the percentage is higher among transgender women (TGW). They represent one of the most vulnerable groups to i...
HIV self-testing (HIVST) policies in Southeast Asia are under development. This scoping review aimed to systematically synthesize the available literature on the acceptability and feasibility of HIVST...
Systematic search was conducted on January 20, 2022, in eight databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, SocINDEX, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and CENTRAL. Acceptability ...
A total of 5091 records were identified through database search, and 362 were deleted after deduplication. The screening process resulted in 18 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results indicat...
Evidence supports the acceptability and feasibility of HIVST in Southeast Asia. There is a need to regulate and license HIVST in Southeast Asia to have better recognition as a supplement to HTS....
A nationwide screening program for cervical cancer (CC) was organized in 2018 as part of the 2014-2019 French cancer plan, with the objective of reducing CC incidence and mortality in France by reachi...
A budget impact model was developed to compare non-use of self-sampling in CC screening to the 5-year costs of 5 VSS strategies viewed from an all-payer perspective. While the first strategy was based...
All in all, the costs associated with cervical cancer screening would represent approximately 1 billion euros over 5 years. All strategies would be associated with participation ranging from 81% to 84...
In conclusion, the use of self-sampling as an alternative to pap smears for non-participating women would increase participation, with only a moderate budgetary impact and could, in some cases, even i...
To review evaluations of the diagnostic accuracy of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapid antigen tests (RATs) approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for self-testing by ambulatory...
Systematic review of publications in any language that reported cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies in which the participants were ambulatory people in the community or health care worker...
Publications (to 1 September 2022) identified in the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the World Health Organization COVID-19 research database. Information on manufacturer diagnostic accuracy eval...
Twelve publications that reported a total of eighteen evaluations of eight RATs approved by the TGA for self-testing (manufacturers: All Test, Roche, Flowflex, MP Biomedicals, Clungene, Panbio, V-Chek...
The risk of false negative results when using COVID-19 RATs for self-testing may be considerably higher than apparent in manufacturer reports on the TGA website, with implications for the reliability ...
To compare preferences, uptake, and cofactors for unassisted home-based oral self-testing (HB-HIVST) versus clinic-based rapid diagnostic blood tests (CB-RDT) for maternal HIV retesting....
Prospective cohort....
Between November 2017 and June 2019, HIV-negative pregnant Kenyan women receiving antenatal care were enrolled and given a choice to retest with HB-HIVST or CB-RDT. Women were asked to retest between ...
Overall, 994 women enrolled and 33% (n = 330) selected HB-HIVST. HB-HIVST was selected because it was private (n = 224, 68%), convenient (n = 211, 63%), and offered flexibility in the timing of retest...
While most women preferred CB-RDT for maternal retesting, HB-HIVST was acceptable and feasible and could be used to expand HIV retesting options....
HIV self-testing (HIVST), whereby an individual performs and interprets their own rapid screening test at home, is another tool to increase the proportion of at-risk individuals who know their status....
This review discusses the regulatory burdens of HIV self-testing within the United States while examining the use of HIV self-tests on a global scale. While the United States only has one approved HIV...
Despite the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance of the first and only self-test in 2012, there have been no other tests that have undergone FDA consideration due to regulatory barriers. Th...
To date, no randomized controlled trials have specifically addressed behavior changes after HIV self-testing (HIVST) among transgender women....
This study aims to evaluate the effects of HIVST on changes in HIV testing behavior, frequency of condomless sex, and partner numbers among transgender women in China....
Participants were recruited from 2 Chinese cities using both online and offline methods. Transgender women were randomly assigned to receive an HIVST intervention. Data from the previous 3 months were...
From February to June 2021, and 255 transgender women were recruited, of which only 36.5% (93/255) had a steady job, and 27.1% (69/255) earned less than US $414.9 of income per month. They were random...
HIVST is an effective strategy for enhancing regular HIV testing behavior among transgender women in China. This strategy should be combined with measures to address the financial vulnerability of the...
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000039766; https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=61402....
The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of OTESSED, an online test for the self-detection and prevention of risk factors for eating disorders and related problems, suc...