Sex Differences in Comorbidity Patterns of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Adolescent
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
/ epidemiology
Autism Spectrum Disorder
/ epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Comorbidity
Denmark
/ epidemiology
Female
Humans
Intellectual Disability
/ epidemiology
Male
Personality Disorders
/ epidemiology
Proportional Hazards Models
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Substance-Related Disorders
/ epidemiology
ADHD
comorbid disorders
sex differences
Journal
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
ISSN: 1527-5418
Titre abrégé: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8704565
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2019
04 2019
Historique:
received:
03
10
2017
revised:
21
06
2018
accepted:
06
07
2018
pubmed:
16
2
2019
medline:
7
7
2020
entrez:
16
2
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
To investigate sex differences in associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a spectrum of comorbid disorders. The study population included all children born in Denmark from 1981 through 2013 (N = 1,665,729). Data were merged from Danish registers and information was obtained on birth characteristics, socioeconomic status, familial psychiatric history, and diagnoses of ADHD (n = 32,308) and comorbid disorders. To estimate absolute and relative risks of comorbid disorders, incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated for female and male individuals. In addition, interactions between ADHD and sex in association with comorbid disorders were estimated as HR ratios (HRRs) in female and male individuals (95% CIs). Individuals diagnosed with ADHD had significantly increased absolute and relative risks of all 12 comorbid psychiatric disorders investigated. ADHD-sex interactions were found for some comorbid disorders. Compared with male individuals, ADHD in female individuals showed a stronger association with autism spectrum disorder (HRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.62-2.14), oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (HRR 1.97, 95% CI 1.68-2.30), intellectual disability (HRR 1.79, 95% CI 1.54-2.09), personality disorders (HRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.43), schizophrenia (HRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02-1.43), substance use disorders (HRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.38), and suicidal behavior (1.28, 95% CI 1.12-1.47). The remaining disorders showed no significant sex differences in association with ADHD. This study indicates that the association between ADHD and several comorbid disorders is stronger in female than in male individuals. These important findings add to the literature on sex differences in ADHD and suggest that female individuals diagnosed with ADHD are a more vulnerable group of patients.
Identifiants
pubmed: 30768399
pii: S0890-8567(19)30005-X
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.910
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
412-422.e3Subventions
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH101519
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : U01 MH109536
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.