Specific challenges in end-of-life care for patients with hematological malignancies.

The disease-related burden of patients with hematological malignancies is comparable with patients suffering from solid tumors. Palliative care offers relief from suffering independent of type of disease and prognosis. The prevalence of hematological malignancies is expected to increase in the next 20 years because of better therapeutic options with longer survival and because of the aging population. However, patients with hematological malignancies are underrepresented in palliative care as these diseases are associated with special care needs and prognostic uncertainty, which differ from the unambiguity of terminally ill patients with solid tumors. This review describes the recent studies and guidelines addressing the problems in palliative care for patients with hematological malignancies. Recent research covers prognostic uncertainty, challenges in terms of the acute death setting, and blood transfusions in the terminally ill as well as interdisciplinary collaboration. In addition to qualitative approaches exploring reasons for these challenges, criteria that indicate the approaching end of life in hematological malignancies were systematically developed and tested. Further, the effectiveness of palliative care addressing the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting was further analyzed. The patients' perspective needs to be involved in future research to examine whether the connotation of 'palliative care' is a barrier for patients, families or healthcare professionals. Communication culture and skills have already been identified as goals for medical training. Further studies should identify the effective elements of palliative care specific for hematological malignancies and develop feasible support models, including informal caregivers.