Functional Dyspepsia in the Elderly.

Functional dyspepsia is a common condition, and the condition is defined by symptoms using Rome IV criteria. This review addresses the issue of functional dyspepsia in elderly patients, epidemiology, investigation, and treatment. Recent studies show that while the prevalence of dyspepsia declines in the elderly, it is still prevalant investigations to confirm the diagnosis (including mandatory upper gastrointestinal endoscopy) must exclude organic disease. These include ulcers (particularly associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs), Helicobacter pylori pathologies, cancer, coeliac disease, and autoimmune gastritis. Recent research is unraveling pathophysiology beyond symptom-only definitions, focusing on the duodenum with innate immune disturbance (duodenal eosinophilia) and microbial disruption as possible cause. Management of functional dyspepsia includes making a secure diagnosis, treatment with first-line proton pump inhibitors (PPI), then tricyclic antidepressants, and careful choice of prokinetics. Herbal treatments (peppermint oil) and STW-5 have in this age group limited efficacy. Further studies are needed to define the prevalence of functional dyspepsia in the elderly and of prime importance, to exclude organic disease as a cause for symptoms of dyspepsia.