The Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey: an analysis of 47,258 timetabled teaching events in 25 UK medical schools relating to timing, duration, teaching formats, teaching content, and problem-based learning.

Clinical teaching Lectures Medical school differences Problem-based learning Self-regulated learning Teaching styles Timetables Tutorials

Journal

BMC medicine
ISSN: 1741-7015
Titre abrégé: BMC Med
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101190723

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
14 05 2020
Historique:
received: 06 06 2019
accepted: 24 03 2020
entrez: 15 5 2020
pubmed: 15 5 2020
medline: 16 12 2020
Statut: epublish

Résumé

What subjects UK medical schools teach, what ways they teach subjects, and how much they teach those subjects is unclear. Whether teaching differences matter is a separate, important question. This study provides a detailed picture of timetabled undergraduate teaching activity at 25 UK medical schools, particularly in relation to problem-based learning (PBL). The Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey used detailed timetables provided by 25 schools with standard 5-year courses. Timetabled teaching events were coded in terms of course year, duration, teaching format, and teaching content. Ten schools used PBL. Teaching times from timetables were validated against two other studies that had assessed GP teaching and lecture, seminar, and tutorial times. A total of 47,258 timetabled teaching events in the academic year 2014/2015 were analysed, including SSCs (student-selected components) and elective studies. A typical UK medical student receives 3960 timetabled hours of teaching during their 5-year course. There was a clear difference between the initial 2 years which mostly contained basic medical science content and the later 3 years which mostly consisted of clinical teaching, although some clinical teaching occurs in the first 2 years. Medical schools differed in duration, format, and content of teaching. Two main factors underlay most of the variation between schools, Traditional vs PBL teaching and Structured vs Unstructured teaching. A curriculum map comparing medical schools was constructed using those factors. PBL schools differed on a number of measures, having more PBL teaching time, fewer lectures, more GP teaching, less surgery, less formal teaching of basic science, and more sessions with unspecified content. UK medical schools differ in both format and content of teaching. PBL and non-PBL schools clearly differ, albeit with substantial variation within groups, and overlap in the middle. The important question of whether differences in teaching matter in terms of outcomes is analysed in a companion study (MedDifs) which examines how teaching differences relate to university infrastructure, entry requirements, student perceptions, and outcomes in Foundation Programme and postgraduate training.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
What subjects UK medical schools teach, what ways they teach subjects, and how much they teach those subjects is unclear. Whether teaching differences matter is a separate, important question. This study provides a detailed picture of timetabled undergraduate teaching activity at 25 UK medical schools, particularly in relation to problem-based learning (PBL).
METHOD
The Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey used detailed timetables provided by 25 schools with standard 5-year courses. Timetabled teaching events were coded in terms of course year, duration, teaching format, and teaching content. Ten schools used PBL. Teaching times from timetables were validated against two other studies that had assessed GP teaching and lecture, seminar, and tutorial times.
RESULTS
A total of 47,258 timetabled teaching events in the academic year 2014/2015 were analysed, including SSCs (student-selected components) and elective studies. A typical UK medical student receives 3960 timetabled hours of teaching during their 5-year course. There was a clear difference between the initial 2 years which mostly contained basic medical science content and the later 3 years which mostly consisted of clinical teaching, although some clinical teaching occurs in the first 2 years. Medical schools differed in duration, format, and content of teaching. Two main factors underlay most of the variation between schools, Traditional vs PBL teaching and Structured vs Unstructured teaching. A curriculum map comparing medical schools was constructed using those factors. PBL schools differed on a number of measures, having more PBL teaching time, fewer lectures, more GP teaching, less surgery, less formal teaching of basic science, and more sessions with unspecified content.
DISCUSSION
UK medical schools differ in both format and content of teaching. PBL and non-PBL schools clearly differ, albeit with substantial variation within groups, and overlap in the middle. The important question of whether differences in teaching matter in terms of outcomes is analysed in a companion study (MedDifs) which examines how teaching differences relate to university infrastructure, entry requirements, student perceptions, and outcomes in Foundation Programme and postgraduate training.

Identifiants

pubmed: 32404194
doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01571-4
pii: 10.1186/s12916-020-01571-4
pmc: PMC7222546
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

126

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Auteurs

Oliver Patrick Devine (OP)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Andrew Christopher Harborne (AC)

Good Hope Hospital, Rectory Rd, Sutton Coldfield, B75 7RR, UK.

Hugo Layard Horsfall (HL)

St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.

Tobin Joseph (T)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Tess Marshall-Andon (T)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Ryan Samuels (R)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Joshua William Kearsley (JW)

Hull University Teaching Hospitals, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK.

Nadine Abbas (N)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.

Hassan Baig (H)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Joseph Beecham (J)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Natasha Benons (N)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Charlie Caird (C)

Imperial College School of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.

Ryan Clark (R)

School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.

Thomas Cope (T)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

James Coultas (J)

School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall Building, Keele University Campus, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.

Luke Debenham (L)

Birmingham Medical School, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.

Sarah Douglas (S)

University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.

Jack Eldridge (J)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Thomas Hughes-Gooding (T)

The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.

Agnieszka Jakubowska (A)

Barts and The London Medical School, 4 Newark St, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK.

Oliver Jones (O)

Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.

Eve Lancaster (E)

Birmingham Medical School, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.

Calum MacMillan (C)

University of Dundee School of Medicine, 4 Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4BF, UK.

Ross McAllister (R)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Wassim Merzougui (W)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.

Ben Phillips (B)

Whiston Hospital, Warrington Road, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK.

Simon Phillips (S)

Medical Sciences Divisional Office, University of Oxford, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.

Omar Risk (O)

Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medical Education, Henriette Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.

Adam Sage (A)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Aisha Sooltangos (A)

Manchester Medical School, Stopford Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.

Robert Spencer (R)

Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cochrane Building, Heath Park Way, Cardiff, CF14 4YU, UK.

Roxanne Tajbakhsh (R)

School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK.

Oluseyi Adesalu (O)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Ivan Aganin (I)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Ammar Ahmed (A)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Katherine Aiken (K)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Alimatu-Sadia Akeredolu (AS)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Ibrahim Alam (I)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Aamna Ali (A)

School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK.

Richard Anderson (R)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Jia Jun Ang (JJ)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Fady Sameh Anis (FS)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Sonam Aojula (S)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Catherine Arthur (C)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Alena Ashby (A)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Ahmed Ashraf (A)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Emma Aspinall (E)

Whiston Hospital, Warrington Road, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK.

Mark Awad (M)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Abdul-Muiz Azri Yahaya (AA)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Shreya Badhrinarayanan (S)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Soham Bandyopadhyay (S)

Medical Sciences Divisional Office, University of Oxford, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.

Sam Barnes (S)

George Davies Centre, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK.

Daisy Bassey-Duke (D)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Charlotte Boreham (C)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Rebecca Braine (R)

Medical Sciences Divisional Office, University of Oxford, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.

Joseph Brandreth (J)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Zoe Carrington (Z)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Zoe Cashin (Z)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Shaunak Chatterjee (S)

Birmingham Medical School, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.

Mehar Chawla (M)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Chung Shen Chean (CS)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Chris Clements (C)

St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, UK.

Richard Clough (R)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Jessica Coulthurst (J)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Liam Curry (L)

George Davies Centre, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK.

Vinnie Christine Daniels (VC)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Simon Davies (S)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Rebecca Davis (R)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Hanelie De Waal (H)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Nasreen Desai (N)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Hannah Douglas (H)

University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.

James Druce (J)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Lady-Namera Ejamike (LN)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Meron Esere (M)

Medical Sciences Divisional Office, University of Oxford, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.

Alex Eyre (A)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Ibrahim Talal Fazmin (IT)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Sophia Fitzgerald-Smith (S)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Verity Ford (V)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.

Sarah Freeston (S)

Homerton University Hospital, Homerton Row, London, E9 6SR, UK.

Katherine Garnett (K)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Whitney General (W)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Helen Gilbert (H)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Zein Gowie (Z)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.

Ciaran Grafton-Clarke (C)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Keshni Gudka (K)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Leher Gumber (L)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Rishi Gupta (R)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Chris Harlow (C)

St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.

Amy Harrington (A)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.

Adele Heaney (A)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Wing Hang Serene Ho (WHS)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Lucy Holloway (L)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Christina Hood (C)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Eleanor Houghton (E)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Saba Houshangi (S)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Emma Howard (E)

School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall Building, Keele University Campus, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.

Benjamin Human (B)

School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK.

Harriet Hunter (H)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Ifrah Hussain (I)

Imperial College School of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.

Sami Hussain (S)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Richard Thomas Jackson-Taylor (RT)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Bronwen Jacob-Ramsdale (B)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Ryan Janjuha (R)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Saleh Jawad (S)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.

Muzzamil Jelani (M)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

David Johnston (D)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Mike Jones (M)

University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.

Sadhana Kalidindi (S)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Savraj Kalsi (S)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Asanish Kalyanasundaram (A)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Anna Kane (A)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Sahaj Kaur (S)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Othman Khaled Al-Othman (OK)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Qaisar Khan (Q)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Sajan Khullar (S)

School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall Building, Keele University Campus, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.

Priscilla Kirkland (P)

University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.

Hannah Lawrence-Smith (H)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Charlotte Leeson (C)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Julius Elisabeth Richard Lenaerts (JER)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Kerry Long (K)

Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Rd, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.

Simon Lubbock (S)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Jamie Mac Donald Burrell (JMD)

University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.

Rachel Maguire (R)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Praveen Mahendran (P)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Saad Majeed (S)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Prabhjot Singh Malhotra (PS)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Vinay Mandagere (V)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Angelos Mantelakis (A)

St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.

Sophie McGovern (S)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Anjola Mosuro (A)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Adam Moxley (A)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Sophie Mustoe (S)

Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medical Education, Henriette Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.

Sam Myers (S)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Kiran Nadeem (K)

Manchester Medical School, Stopford Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.

Reza Nasseri (R)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Tom Newman (T)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Richard Nzewi (R)

George Davies Centre, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK.

Rosalie Ogborne (R)

St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.

Joyce Omatseye (J)

University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.

Sophie Paddock (S)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

James Parkin (J)

St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.

Mohit Patel (M)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Sohini Pawar (S)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Stuart Pearce (S)

St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.

Samuel Penrice (S)

University of Dundee School of Medicine, 4 Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4BF, UK.

Julian Purdy (J)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Raisa Ramjan (R)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Ratan Randhawa (R)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Usman Rasul (U)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Elliot Raymond-Taggert (E)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Rebecca Razey (R)

Imperial College School of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.

Carmel Razzaghi (C)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Eimear Reel (E)

Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.

Elliot John Revell (EJ)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Joanna Rigbye (J)

University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Cres, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.

Oloruntobi Rotimi (O)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Abdelrahman Said (A)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Emma Sanders (E)

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, First Floor South, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.

Pranoy Sangal (P)

University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.

Nora Sangvik Grandal (NS)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Aadam Shah (A)

University of Aberdeen, Suttie Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.

Rahul Atul Shah (RA)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Oliver Shotton (O)

Medical Sciences Divisional Office, University of Oxford, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.

Daniel Sims (D)

Brighton and Sussex Medical School, BSMS Teaching Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.

Katie Smart (K)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Martha Amy Smith (MA)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Nick Smith (N)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Aninditya Salma Sopian (AS)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Matthew South (M)

The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

Jessica Speller (J)

George Davies Centre, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK.

Tom J Syer (TJ)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Ngan Hong Ta (NH)

Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Daniel Tadross (D)

School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK.

Benjamin Thompson (B)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Jess Trevett (J)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Matthew Tyler (M)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Roshan Ullah (R)

Birmingham Medical School, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.

Mrudula Utukuri (M)

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.

Shree Vadera (S)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Harriet Van Den Tooren (H)

Manchester Medical School, Stopford Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.

Sara Venturini (S)

Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZN, UK.

Aradhya Vijayakumar (A)

George Davies Centre, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK.

Melanie Vine (M)

George Davies Centre, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK.

Zoe Wellbelove (Z)

John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

Liora Wittner (L)

UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Geoffrey Hong Kiat Yong (GHK)

Medical Student Office, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

Farris Ziyada (F)

Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medical Education, Henriette Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.

I C McManus (IC)

Research Department of Medical Education, UCL Medical School, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. i.mcmanus@ucl.ac.uk.

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