Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Immune Cells and Mediators, Prognostic Factors, and Immune-Therapeutic Implications.
IL-6
SARS-CoV-2
T lymphocyte
cytokine storm
immune response
prognostic factor
Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
Titre abrégé: Int J Mol Sci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101092791
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 Jul 2020
06 Jul 2020
Historique:
received:
20
05
2020
revised:
30
06
2020
accepted:
03
07
2020
entrez:
10
7
2020
pubmed:
10
7
2020
medline:
17
7
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The present is a comprehensive review of the immunopathology of Covid-19. The immune reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by differentiation and proliferation of a variety of immune cells with immune mediator production and release, and activation of other pathogen resistance mechanisms. We fully address the humoral and cellular immune changes induced by the virus, with particular emphasis on the role of the "cytokine storm" in the evolution of the disease. Moreover, we also propose some immune alterations (i.e., inflammatory parameters, cytokines, leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations) as prognostic markers of the disease. Furthermore, we discuss how immune modifying drugs, such as tocilizumab, chloroquine, glucocorticoids and immunoglobulins, and blood purification therapy, can constitute a fundamental moment in the therapy of the infection. Finally, we made a critical analysis of a number of substances, not yet utilized, but potentially useful in SARS-CoV-2 patients, such as IFN lambda, TNF blockers, ulinastatin, siponimod, tacrolimus, mesenchymal stem cells, inhibitors of mononuclear macrophage recruitment, IL-1 family antagonists, JAK-2 or STAT-3 inhibitors.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32640747
pii: ijms21134782
doi: 10.3390/ijms21134782
pmc: PMC7370171
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Cytokines
0
Glucocorticoids
0
Inflammation Mediators
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
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