Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments.
Adjuvants, Immunologic
/ administration & dosage
Age Factors
Alum Compounds
/ administration & dosage
Antineoplastic Agents
/ therapeutic use
Cancer Vaccines
/ therapeutic use
Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
/ methods
Combined Modality Therapy
Cytokines
/ administration & dosage
Drug Synergism
Emulsions
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
/ immunology
Humans
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
/ pharmacology
Immunotherapy
/ methods
Immunotherapy, Active
/ methods
Life Style
Liposomes
/ administration & dosage
Lymphocyte Depletion
Membrane Proteins
/ administration & dosage
Nanoparticles
/ administration & dosage
Neoplasms
/ therapy
Radiotherapy
Saponins
/ administration & dosage
Toll-Like Receptors
/ agonists
Vaccine Potency
Virosomes
/ administration & dosage
adjuvant
cancer vaccine
immunosenescence
immunotherapy
inflamm-aging
microbiota
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
Titre abrégé: Front Immunol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101560960
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
received:
08
10
2020
accepted:
23
12
2020
entrez:
8
3
2021
pubmed:
9
3
2021
medline:
29
6
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that 'depot' antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation-inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33679703
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240
pmc: PMC7927599
doi:
Substances chimiques
Adjuvants, Immunologic
0
Alum Compounds
0
Antineoplastic Agents
0
Cancer Vaccines
0
Cytokines
0
Emulsions
0
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
0
Liposomes
0
Membrane Proteins
0
STING1 protein, human
0
Saponins
0
Toll-Like Receptors
0
Virosomes
0
aluminum sulfate
34S289N54E
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
615240Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Cuzzubbo, Mangsbo, Nagarajan, Habra, Pockley and McArdle.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
SMa is the Chief Development Officer at Ultimovacs AB, a company that develops cancer vaccines and holds patent applications within the field of cancer vaccines. SMa is also the founder of Immuneed AB and Vivologica AB. AP is the Chief Executive Officer of multimmune GmbH, a company that develops cancer “theranostics” based on tumor expression of membrane Hsp70. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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