Improvement of Cognitive Function in Ovariectomized Rats by Human Neural Stem Cells Overexpressing Choline Acetyltransferase via Secretion of NGF and BDNF.

Menopause is associated with memory deficits attributed to reduced serum estrogen levels. We evaluated whether an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve-growth factor (NGF) levels, through transplantation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-overexpressing neural stem cells (F3.ChAT), improved learning and memory in ovariectomized rats. PD13 mouse neuronal primary culture cells were treated with estradiol or co-cultured with F3.ChAT cells; choline transporter1 (CHT1), ChAT, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. The relationship between estrogen receptors (ERs) and neurotrophin family members was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. After the transplantation of F3.ChAT cells into OVx rats, we evaluated the memory, ACh level, and the expression of ER, neurotrophin family proteins, and cholinergic system. Estradiol upregulated CHT1, ChAT, and VAChT expression in ER; they were co-localized with BDNF, NGF, and TrkB. Co-culture with F3.ChAT upregulated CHT1, ChAT, and VAChT by activating the neurotrophin signalling pathway. Transplantation of F3.ChAT cells in OVX animals increased the ACh level in the CSF and improved memory deficit. In addition, it increased the expression of ERs, neurotrophin signaling, and the cholinergic system in the brains of OVX animals. Therefore, the estradiol deficiency induced memory loss by the down-regulation of the neurotrophin family and F3.ChAT could ameliorate the cognitive impairment owing to the loss or reduction of estradiol.