A machine learning-derived neuroanatomical pattern predicts delayed reward discounting in the Human Connectome Project Young Adult sample.
delayed reward discounting
elastic net regression
machine learning
morphometry
neuroanatomy
Journal
Journal of neuroscience research
ISSN: 1097-4547
Titre abrégé: J Neurosci Res
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7600111
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2023
07 2023
Historique:
revised:
18
01
2023
received:
21
10
2022
accepted:
13
02
2023
medline:
19
5
2023
pubmed:
11
3
2023
entrez:
10
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Delayed reward discounting (DRD) is defined as the extent to which person favors smaller rewards that are immediately available over larger rewards available in the future. Higher levels of DRD have been identified in individuals with a wide range of clinical disorders. Although there have been studies adopting larger samples and using only gray matter volume to characterize the neuroanatomical correlates of DRD, it is still unclear whether previously identified relationships are generalizable (out-of-sample) and how cortical thickness and cortical surface area contribute to DRD. In this study, using the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset (N = 1038), a machine learning cross-validated elastic net regression approach was used to characterize the neuroanatomical pattern of structural magnetic resonance imaging variables associated with DRD. The results revealed a multi-region neuroanatomical pattern predicted DRD and this was robust in a held-out test set (morphometry-only R
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1125-1137Subventions
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : P50 DA051361
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : U54 MH091657
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Abrol, A., Fu, Z., Salman, M., Silva, R., Du, Y., Plis, S., & Calhoun, V. (2021). Deep learning encodes robust discriminative neuroimaging representations to outperform standard machine learning. Nature Communications, 12(1), 353. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20655-6
Amlung, M., Marsden, E., Holshausen, K., Morris, V., Patel, H., Vedelago, L., Naish, K. R., Reed, D. D., & McCabe, R. E. (2019). Delay discounting as a transdiagnostic process in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(11), 1176-1186. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2102
Amlung, M., Sweet, L. H., Acker, J., Brown, C. L., & MacKillop, J. (2014). Dissociable brain signatures of choice conflict and immediate reward preferences in alcohol use disorders. Addiction Biology, 19(4), 743-753. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12017
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Smallwood, J., & Spreng, R. N. (2014). The default network and self-generated thought: Component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1316, 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12360
Appelhans, B. M., Woolf, K., Pagoto, S. L., Schneider, K. L., Whited, M. C., & Liebman, R. (2011). Inhibiting food reward: Delay discounting, food reward sensitivity, and palatable food intake in overweight and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring), 19(11), 2175-2182. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.57
Balki, I., Amirabadi, A., Levman, J., Martel, A. L., Emersic, Z., Meden, B., Garcia-Pedrero, A., Ramirez, S. C., Kong, D., Moody, A. R., & Tyrrell, P. N. (2019). Sample-size determination methodologies for machine learning in medical Imaging research: A systematic review. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, 70(4), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2019.06.002
Barch, D. M., Burgess, G. C., Harms, M. P., Petersen, S. E., Schlaggar, B. L., Corbetta, M., Glasser, M. F., Curtiss, S., Dixit, S., Feldt, C., Nolan, D., Bryant, E., Hartley, T., Footer, O., Bjork, J. M., Poldrack, R., Smith, S., Johansen-Berg, H., Snyder, A. Z., … WU-Minn HCP Consortium. (2013). Function in the human connectome: Task-fMRI and individual differences in behavior. NeuroImage, 80, 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.033
Barry, A. B., Koeppel, J. A., & Ho, B. C. (2020). Impulsive decision making, brain cortical thickness and familial schizophrenia risk. Schizophrenia Research, 220, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.072
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Bickel, W. K., Athamneh, L. N., Basso, J. C., Mellis, A. M., DeHart, W. B., Craft, W. H., & Pope, D. (2019). Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process: Update on the state of the science. Current Opinion in Psychology, 30, 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.005
Bjork, J. M., Momenan, R., & Hommer, D. W. (2009). Delay discounting correlates with proportional lateral frontal cortex volumes. Biological Psychiatry, 65(8), 710-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.023
Boettiger, C. A., Mitchell, J. M., Tavares, V. C., Robertson, M., Joslyn, G., D'Esposito, M., & Fields, H. L. (2007). Immediate reward bias in humans: Fronto-parietal networks and a role for the catechol-O-methyltransferase 158(Val/Val) genotype. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(52), 14383-14391. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2551-07.2007
Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(5), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475
Camchong, J., MacDonald, A. W., 3rd, Nelson, B., Bell, C., Mueller, B. A., Specker, S., & Lim, K. O. (2011). Frontal hyperconnectivity related to discounting and reversal learning in cocaine subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 69(11), 1117-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.008
Carter, R. M., Meyer, J. R., & Huettel, S. A. (2010). Functional neuroimaging of intertemporal choice models: A review. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 3(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018046
Chib, V. S., Rangel, A., Shimojo, S., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2009). Evidence for a common representation of decision values for dissimilar goods in human ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(39), 12315-12320. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2575-09.2009
Cho, S. S., Pellecchia, G., Aminian, K., Ray, N., Segura, B., Obeso, I., & Strafella, A. P. (2013). Morphometric correlation of impulsivity in medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Topography, 26(3), 479-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-012-0270-x
Claus, E. D., Kiehl, K. A., & Hutchison, K. E. (2011). Neural and behavioral mechanisms of impulsive choice in alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(7), 1209-1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01455.x
Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009). Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 93(3), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018
Denny, B. T., Kober, H., Wager, T. D., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(8), 1742-1752. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00233
Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., Buckner, R. L., Dale, A. M., Maguire, R. P., Hyman, B. T., Albert, M. S., & Killiany, R. J. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage, 31(3), 968-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021
Dinga, R., Schmaal, L., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Veltman, D. J., & Marquand, A. F. (2020). Controlling for effects of confounding variables on machine learning predictions. bioRxiv, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.255034
Drobetz, R., Hanggi, J., Maercker, A., Kaufmann, K., Jancke, L., & Forstmeier, S. (2014). Structural brain correlates of delay of gratification in the elderly. Behavioral Neuroscience, 128(2), 134-145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036208
Estle, S. J., Green, L., Myerson, J., & Holt, D. D. (2006). Differential effects of amount on temporal and probability discounting of gains and losses. Memory & Cognition, 34(4), 914-928. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193437
Fischl, B. (2012). FreeSurfer. Neuroimage, 62(2), 774-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021
Fischl, B., van der Kouwe, A., Destrieux, C., Halgren, E., Segonne, F., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Seidman, L. J., Goldstein, J., Kennedy, D., Caviness, V., Makris, N., Rosen, B., & Dale, A. M. (2004). Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 14(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhg087
Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2010). Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent. Journal of Statistical Software, 33(1), 1-22.
Glasser, M. F., Sotiropoulos, S. N., Wilson, J. A., Coalson, T. S., Fischl, B., Andersson, J. L., Xu, J., Jbabdi, S., Webster, M., Polimeni, J. R., van Essen, D., Jenkinson, M., & WU-Minn HCP Consortium. (2013). The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project. NeuroImage, 80, 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Delton, A. W., & Robertson, T. E. (2011). The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on risk and delayed rewards: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 1015-1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022403
Hoffman, W. F., Schwartz, D. L., Huckans, M. S., McFarland, B. H., Meiri, G., Stevens, A. A., & Mitchell, S. H. (2008). Cortical activation during delay discounting in abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology, 201(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1261-1
Hyatt, C. S., Owens, M. M., Gray, J. C., Carter, N. T., MacKillop, J., Sweet, L. H., & Miller, J. D. (2019). Personality traits share overlapping neuroanatomical correlates with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000391
Jackson, J. N., & MacKillop, J. (2016). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and monetary delay discounting: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 1(4), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.01.007
Jollans, L., Boyle, R., Artiges, E., Banaschewski, T., Desrivières, S., Grigis, A., Martinot, J. L., Paus, T., Smolka, M. N., Walter, H., Schumann, G., Garavan, H., & Whelan, R. (2019). Quantifying performance of machine learning methods for neuroimaging data. NeuroImage, 199, 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.082
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2009). The neurobiology of decision: Consensus and controversy. Neuron, 63(6), 733-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.003
Kharabian Masouleh, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Hoffstaedter, F., Genon, S., & Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2019). Empirical examination of the replicability of associations between brain structure and psychological variables. eLife, 8, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.43464
Kobiella, A., Ripke, S., Kroemer, N. B., Vollmert, C., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Ulshofer, D. E., & Smolka, M. N. (2014). Acute and chronic nicotine effects on behaviour and brain activation during intertemporal decision making. Addiction Biology, 19(5), 918-930. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12057
Leech, R., Braga, R., & Sharp, D. J. (2012). Echoes of the brain within the posterior cingulate cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(1), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3689-11.2012
Lempert, K. M., Mechanic-Hamilton, D. J., Xie, L., Wisse, L. E. M., de Flores, R., Wang, J., das, S., Yushkevich, P. A., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. W. (2020). Neural and behavioral correlates of episodic memory are associated with temporal discounting in older adults. Neuropsychologia, 146, 107549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107549
Lempert, K. M., Steinglass, J. E., Pinto, A., Kable, J. W., & Simpson, H. B. (2019). Can delay discounting deliver on the promise of RDoC? Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001770
Li, X., Hu, P., & Liu, J. (2019). The neuroanatomical correlates of individual differences in delay discounting: A voxel-based morphometry study. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 13, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2019.22
Mackey, S., Chaarani, B., Kan, K. J., Spechler, P. A., Orr, C., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Cattrell, A., Conrod, P. J., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Frouin, V., Gallinat, J., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., … IMAGEN Consortium. (2017). Brain regions related to impulsivity mediate the effects of early adversity on antisocial behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 82(4), 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.027
MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., & Munafo, M. R. (2011). Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology, 216(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0
MacKillop, J., Miranda, R., Jr., Monti, P. M., Ray, L. A., Murphy, J. G., Rohsenow, D. J., McGeary, J., Swift, R. M., Tidey, J. W., & Gwaltney, C. J. (2010). Alcohol demand, delayed reward discounting, and craving in relation to drinking and alcohol use disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017513
Marcus, D. S., Harms, M. P., Snyder, A. Z., Jenkinson, M., Wilson, J. A., Glasser, M. F., Barch, D. M., Archie, K. A., Burgess, G. C., Ramaratnam, M., Hodge, M., Horton, W., Herrick, R., Olsen, T., McKay, M., House, M., Hileman, M., Reid, E., Harwell, J., … WU-Minn HCP Consortium. (2013). Human Connectome Project informatics: Quality control, database services, and data visualization. NeuroImage, 80, 202-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.077
Marek, S., Tervo-Clemmens, B., Calabro, F. J., Montez, D. F., Kay, B. P., Hatoum, A. S., Donohue, M. R., Foran, W., Miller, R. L., Hendrickson, T. J., Malone, S. M., Kandala, S., Feczko, E., Miranda-Dominguez, O., Graham, A. M., Earl, E. A., Perrone, A. J., Cordova, M., Doyle, O., … Dosenbach, N. U. F. (2022). Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals. Nature, 603(7902), 654-660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04492-9
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503-507. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100907
McIntyre-Wood, C., Madan, C., Owens, M., Amlung, M., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. (2022). Neuroanatomical foundations of delayed reward discounting decision making II: Evaluation of sulcal morphology and fractal dimensionality. NeuroImage, 257, 119309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119309
Meade, C. S., Lowen, S. B., MacLean, R. R., Key, M. D., & Lukas, S. E. (2011). fMRI brain activation during a delay discounting task in HIV-positive adults with and without cocaine dependence. Psychiatry Research, 192(3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.12.011
Merz, E. C., He, X., Noble, K. G., & Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study. (2018). Anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and brain structure in children and adolescents. NeuroImage: Clinical, 20, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.020
Miedl, S. F., Peters, J., & Buchel, C. (2012). Altered neural reward representations in pathological gamblers revealed by delay and probability discounting. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(2), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552
Mohammadi, B., Hammer, A., Miedl, S. F., Wiswede, D., Marco-Pallares, J., Herrmann, M., & Munte, T. F. (2016). Intertemporal choice behavior is constrained by brain structure in healthy participants and pathological gamblers. Brain Structure & Function, 221(6), 3157-3170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1093-9
Myerson, J., Green, L., & Warusawitharana, M. (2001). Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 76(2), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235
Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S. (2012). Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(2), 241-268. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-011-0083-5
Odum, A. L., Becker, R. J., Haynes, J. M., Galizio, A., Frye, C. C. J., Downey, H., Friedel, J. E., & Perez, D. M. (2020). Delay discounting of different outcomes: Review and theory. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 113(3), 657-679. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.589
Owens, M. M., Gray, J. C., Amlung, M. T., Oshri, A., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. (2017). Neuroanatomical foundations of delayed reward discounting decision making. NeuroImage, 161, 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.045
Owens, M. M., Hahn, S., Allgaier, N., MacKillop, J., Albaugh, M., Yuan, D., Juliano, A., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. (2021). One-year predictions of delayed reward discounting in the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 928-946. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000532
Owens, M. M., Hyatt, C. S., Gray, J. C., Carter, N. T., MacKillop, J., Miller, J. D., & Sweet, L. H. (2019). Cortical morphometry of the five-factor model of personality: Findings from the Human Connectome Project full sample. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(4), 381-395. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz017
Owens, M. M., Hyatt, C. S., Gray, J. C., Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hahn, S., Allgaier, N., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. (2020). Neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive traits in children aged 9 to 10. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129(8), 831-844. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000627
Owens, M. M., Syan, S. K., Amlung, M., Beach, S. R. H., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. (2019). Functional and structural neuroimaging studies of delayed reward discounting in addiction: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(2), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000181
Panizzon, M. S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Eyler, L. T., Jernigan, T. L., Prom-Wormley, E., Neale, M., Jacobson, K., Lyons, M. J., Grant, M. D., Franz, C. E., Xian, H., Tsuang, M., Fischl, B., Seidman, L., Dale, A., & Kremen, W. S. (2009). Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness. Cerebral Cortex, 19(11), 2728-2735. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp026
Pehlivanova, M., Wolf, D. H., Sotiras, A., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Moore, T. M., Ciric, R., Cook, P. A., Garcia de la Garza, A., Rosen, A. F. G., Ruparel, K., Sharma, A., Shinohara, R. T., Roalf, D. R., Gur, R. C., Davatzikos, C., Gur, R. E., Kable, J. W., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2018). Diminished cortical thickness is associated with impulsive choice in adolescence. The Journal of Neuroscience, 38(10), 2471-2481. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2200-17.2018
Peters, J., & Buchel, C. (2009). Overlapping and distinct neural systems code for subjective value during intertemporal and risky decision making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(50), 15727-15734. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-09.2009
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012). The future of memory: Remembering, imagining, and the brain. Neuron, 76(4), 677-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001
Storsve, A. B., Fjell, A. M., Tamnes, C. K., Westlye, L. T., Overbye, K., Aasland, H. W., & Walhovd, K. B. (2014). Differential longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, surface area and volume across the adult life span: Regions of accelerating and decelerating change. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(25), 8488-8498. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0391-14.2014
Tadayon, E., Pascual-Leone, A., & Santarnecchi, E. (2020). Differential contribution of cortical thickness, surface area, and Gyrification to fluid and crystallized intelligence. Cerebral Cortex, 30(1), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz082
Tschernegg, M., Pletzer, B., Schwartenbeck, P., Ludersdorfer, P., Hoffmann, U., & Kronbichler, M. (2015). Impulsivity relates to striatal gray matter volumes in humans: Evidence from a delay discounting paradigm. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00384
van Essen, D., Ugurbil, K., Auerbach, E., Barch, D., Behrens, T. E., Bucholz, R., Chang, A., Chen, L., Corbetta, M., Curtiss, S. W., Della Penna, S., Feinberg, D., Glasser, M. F., Harel, N., Heath, A. C., Larson-Prior, L., Marcus, D., Michalareas, G., Moeller, S., … WU-Minn HCP Consortium. (2012). The Human Connectome Project: A data acquisition perspective. NeuroImage, 62(4), 2222-2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.018
Van Essen, D. C., Smith, S. M., Barch, D. M., Behrens, T. E., Yacoub, E., Ugurbil, K., & WU-Minn HCP Consortium. (2013). The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: An overview. NeuroImage, 80, 62-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041
Wang, Q., Chen, C., Cai, Y., Li, S., Zhao, X., Zheng, L., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2016). Dissociated neural substrates underlying impulsive choice and impulsive action. NeuroImage, 134, 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.010
Wesley, M. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2014). Remember the future II: Meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting. Biological Psychiatry, 75(6), 435-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.008
Westwater, M. L., Vilar-Lopez, R., Ziauddeen, H., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Fletcher, P. C. (2019). Combined effects of age and BMI are related to altered cortical thickness in adolescence and adulthood. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 40, 100728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100728
Wittmann, M., Leland, D. S., & Paulus, M. P. (2007). Time and decision making: Differential contribution of the posterior insular cortex and the striatum during a delay discounting task. Experimental Brain Research, 179(4), 643-653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0822-y
Xu, H., Seminowicz, D. A., Krimmel, S. R., Zhang, M., Gao, L., & Wang, Y. (2022). Altered structural and functional connectivity of salience network in patients with classic trigeminal neuralgia. The Journal of Pain, 23(8), 1389-1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2022.02.012
Xu, H., Zhang, X., & Bai, G. (2022). Abnormal dorsal caudate activation mediated impaired cognitive flexibility in mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(9), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092484
Zou, H., & Hastie, T. (2005). Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B: Methodological, 67, 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x