Identification of circular dorsal ruffles as signal platforms for the AKT pathway in glomerular podocytes.


Journal

Journal of cellular physiology
ISSN: 1097-4652
Titre abrégé: J Cell Physiol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0050222

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
05 2023
Historique:
revised: 21 02 2023
received: 18 12 2022
accepted: 28 02 2023
medline: 18 5 2023
pubmed: 17 3 2023
entrez: 16 3 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are rounded membrane ruffles induced by growth factors to function as precursors of the large-scale endocytosis called macropinocytosis. In addition to their role in cellular uptake, recent research using cell line systems has shown that CDRs/macropinocytosis regulate the canonical AKT-mTORC1 growth factor signaling pathway. However, as CDRs have not been observed in tissues, their physiological relevance has remained unclear. Here, utilizing ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy, we first report that CDRs are expressed in glomerular podocytes ex vivo and in vivo, and we visually captured the transformation process to macropinocytosis. Moreover, through biochemical and imaging analyses, we show that AKT phosphorylation localized to CDRs upstream of mTORC1 activation in podocyte cell lines and isolated glomeruli. These results demonstrate the physiological role of CDRs as signal platforms for the AKT-mTORC1 pathway in glomerular podocytes at the tissue level. As mTORC1 plays critical roles in podocyte metabolism, and aberrant activation of mTORC1 triggers podocytopathies, our results strongly suggest that targeting CDR formation could represent a potential therapeutic approach for these diseases.

Identifiants

pubmed: 36924084
doi: 10.1002/jcp.30996
doi:

Substances chimiques

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt EC 2.7.11.1
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 EC 2.7.11.1

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1063-1079

Informations de copyright

© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Références

Assady, S., Wanner, N., Skorecki, K. L., & Huber, T. B. (2017). New insights into podocyte biology in glomerular health and disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 28(6), 1707-1715. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017010027
Bar-Sagi, D., & Feramisco, J. R. (1986). Induction of membrane ruffling and fluid-phase pinocytosis in quiescent fibroblasts by ras proteins. Science, 233(4768), 1061-1068. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3090687
Bernitt, E., Döbereiner, H. G., Gov, N. S., & Yochelis, A. (2017). Fronts and waves of actin polymerization in a bistability-based mechanism of circular dorsal ruffles. Nature Communications, 8, 15863. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15863
Berthiaume, E. P., Medina, C., & Swanson, J. A. (1995). Molecular size-fractionation during endocytosis in macrophages. Journal of Cell Biology, 129(4), 989-998. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.129.4.989
Bollée, G., Flamant, M., Schordan, S., Fligny, C., Rumpel, E., Milon, M., Schordan, E., Sabaa N., Vandermeersch S., Galaup A., Rodenas A., Casal I., Sunnarborg S. W., Salant D. J., Kopp J. B., Threadgill D. W., Quaggin S. E., Dussaule J. C., Germain S., … Tharaux P. L. (2011). Epidermal growth factor receptor promotes glomerular injury and renal failure in rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nature Medicine, 17(10), 1242-1250. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2491
Buckley, C. M., & King, J. S. (2017). Drinking problems: Mechanisms of macropinosome formation and maturation. The FEBS Journal, 284(22), 3778-3790. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.14115
Chen, J., Zeng, F., Forrester, S. J., Eguchi, S., Zhang, M. Z., & Harris, R. C. (2016). Expression and function of the epidermal growth factor receptor in physiology and disease. Physiological Reviews, 96(3), 1025-1069. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2015
Chung, J. J., Huber, T. B., Gödel, M., Jarad, G., Hartleben, B., Kwoh, C., Keil, A., Karpitskiy A., Hu J., Huh C. J., Cella M., Gross R. W., Miner J. H., Shaw A. S. (2015). Albumin-associated free fatty acids induce macropinocytosis in podocytes. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 125(6), 2307-2316. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI79641
Commisso, C., Davidson, S. M., Soydaner-Azeloglu, R. G., Parker, S. J., Kamphorst, J. J., Hackett, S., Grabocka, E., Nofal M., Drebin J.A., Thompson C.B., Rabinowitz J.D., Metallo C.M., Vander Heiden M.G., Bar-Sagi D. (2013). Macropinocytosis of protein is an amino acid supply route in Ras-transformed cells. Nature, 497(7451), 633-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12138
Condon, K. J., & Sabatini, D. M. (2019). Nutrient regulation of mTORC1 at a glance. Journal of Cell Science, 132(21), jcs222570. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.222570
Cortesio, C. L., Perrin, B. J., Bennin, D. A., & Huttenlocher, A. (2010). Actin-binding protein-1 interacts with WASp-interacting protein to regulate growth factor-induced dorsal ruffle formation. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 21(1), 186-197. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0106
Dharmawardhane, S., Schürmann, A., Sells, M. A., Chernoff, J., Schmid, S. L., & Bokoch, G. M. (2000). Regulation of macropinocytosis by p21-activated kinase-1. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 11(10), 3341-3352. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.10.3341
Egami, Y., Taguchi, T., Maekawa, M., Arai, H., & Araki, N. (2014). Small GTPases and phosphoinositides in the regulatory mechanisms of macropinosome formation and maturation. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 374. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00374
Fantus, D., Rogers, N. M., Grahammer, F., Huber, T. B., & Thomson, A. W. (2016). Roles of mTOR complexes in the kidney: Implications for renal disease and transplantation. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 12(10), 587-609. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.108
Fu, W., & Hall, M. N. (2020). Regulation of mTORC2 signaling. Genes, 11(9), 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11091045
Garg, P. (2018). A review of podocyte biology. American Journal of Nephrology, 47(Suppl 1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481633
Gödel, M., Hartleben, B., Herbach, N., Liu, S., Zschiedrich, S., Lu, S., Debreczeni-Mór, A., Lindenmeyer M. T., Rastaldi M. P., Hartleben G., Wiech T., Fornoni A., Nelson R. G., Kretzler M., Wanke R., Pavenstädt H., Kerjaschki D., Cohen C. D., Hall M. N., … Huber T. B. (2011). Role of mTOR in podocyte function and diabetic nephropathy in humans and mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(6), 2197-2209. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI44774
Gu, Z., Noss, E. H., Hsu, V. W., & Brenner, M. B. (2011). Integrins traffic rapidly via circular dorsal ruffles and macropinocytosis during stimulated cell migration. Journal of Cell Biology, 193(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201007003
Guo, J. K. (2002). WT1 is a key regulator of podocyte function: Reduced expression levels cause crescentic glomerulonephritis and mesangial sclerosis. Human Molecular Genetics, 11(6), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/11.6.651
Hasegawa, J., Tokuda, E., Tenno, T., Tsujita, K., Sawai, H., Hiroaki, H., Takenawa, T., Itoh T. (2011). SH3YL1 regulates dorsal ruffle formation by a novel phosphoinositide-binding domain. Journal of Cell Biology, 193(5), 901-916. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201012161
Hoon, J. L., Wong, W. K., & Koh, C. G. (2012). Functions and regulation of circular dorsal ruffles. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 32(21), 4246-4257. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00551-12
Hoxhaj, G., & Manning, B. D. (2020). The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism. Nature Reviews Cancer, 20(2), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-019-0216-7
Huber, T. B., Edelstein, C. L., Hartleben, B., Inoki, K., Jiang, M., Koya, D., Kume, S., Lieberthal W., Pallet N., Quiroga A., Ravichandran K., Susztak K., Yoshida S., Dong Z. (2012). Emerging role of autophagy in kidney function, diseases and aging. Autophagy, 8(7), 1009-1031. https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.19821
Inoki, K., Li, Y., Xu, T., & Guan, K. L. (2003). Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling. Genes & Development, 17(15), 1829-1834. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1110003
Inoki, K., Mori, H., Wang, J., Suzuki, T., Hong, S., Yoshida, S., Blattner, S. M., Ikenoue T., Rüegg M. A., Hall M. N., Kwiatkowski D. J., Rastaldi M. P., Huber T. B., Kretzler M., Holzman L. B., Wiggins R. C., Guan K. L. (2011). mTORC1 activation in podocytes is a critical step in the development of diabetic nephropathy in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(6), 2181-2196. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI44771
Itoh, T., & Hasegawa, J. (2013). Mechanistic insights into the regulation of circular dorsal ruffle formation. Journal of Biochemistry, 153(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvs138
Kay, R. R. (2021). Macropinocytosis: Biology and mechanisms. Cells & Development, 168, 203713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203713
Koivusalo, M., Welch, C., Hayashi, H., Scott, C. C., Kim, M., Alexander, T., Touret, N., Hahn K. M., Grinstein S. (2010). Amiloride inhibits macropinocytosis by lowering submembranous pH and preventing Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling. Journal of Cell Biology, 188(4), 547-563. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200908086
Kopp, J. B., Anders, H. J., Susztak, K., Podestà, M. A., Remuzzi, G., Hildebrandt, F., & Romagnani, P. (2020). Podocytopathies. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0196-7
Lanzetti, L., Palamidessi, A., Areces, L., Scita, G., & Di Fiore, P. P. (2004). Rab5 is a signalling GTPase involved in actin remodelling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Nature, 429(6989), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02542
Legg, J. A., Bompard, G., Dawson, J., Morris, H. L., Andrew, N., Cooper, L., Johnston, S. A., Tramountanis G., Machesky L. M. (2007). N-WASP involvement in dorsal ruffle formation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 18(2), 678-687. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-06-0569
Liu, G. Y., & Sabatini, D. M. (2020). mTOR at the nexus of nutrition, growth, ageing and disease. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 21(4), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0199-y
Liu, L. (2001). Defective nephrin trafficking caused by missense mutations in the NPHS1 gene: Insight into the mechanisms of congenital nephrotic syndrome. Human Molecular Genetics, 10(23), 2637-2644. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.23.2637
Manning, B. D., & Toker, A. (2017). AKT/PKB signaling: Navigating the network. Cell, 169(3), 381-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.001
Mendoza, M. C., Er, E. E., & Blenis, J. (2011). The Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways: Cross-talk and compensation. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 36(6), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2011.03.006
Mundel, P., Heid, H. W., Mundel, T. M., Krüger, M., Reiser, J., & Kriz, W. (1997). Synaptopodin: An actin-associated protein in telencephalic dendrites and renal podocytes. Journal of Cell Biology, 139(1), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.1.193
Mundel, P., Reiser, J., Borja, A. Z., Pavenstädt, H., Davidson, G. R., Kriz, W., & Zeller, R. (1997). Rearrangements of the cytoskeleton and cell contacts induce process formation during differentiation of conditionally immortalized mouse podocyte cell lines. Experimental Cell Research, 236(1), 248-258. https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1997.3739
Nishizono, R., Kikuchi, M., Wang, S. Q., Chowdhury, M., Nair, V., Hartman, J., Fukuda, A., Wickman L., Hodgin J. B., Bitzer M., Naik A., Wiggins J., Kretzler M., Wiggins R. C. (2017). FSGS as an adaptive response to growth-induced podocyte stress. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 28(10), 2931-2945. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017020174
Pacitto, R., Gaeta, I., Swanson, J. A., & Yoshida, S. (2017). CXCL12-induced macropinocytosis modulates two distinct pathways to activate mTORC1 in macrophages. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 101(3), 683-692. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.2A0316-141RR
Palamidessi, A., Frittoli, E., Garré, M., Faretta, M., Mione, M., Testa, I., Diaspro, A., Lanzetti L., Scita G., Di Fiore P. P. (2008). Endocytic trafficking of Rac is required for the spatial restriction of signaling in cell migration. Cell, 134(1), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.034
Palm, W., Park, Y., Wright, K., Pavlova, N. N., Tuveson, D. A., & Thompson, C. B. (2015). The utilization of extracellular proteins as nutrients is suppressed by mTORC1. Cell, 162(2), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.017
Puelles, V. G., van der Wolde, J. W., Wanner, N., Scheppach, M. W., Cullen-McEwen, L. A., Bork, T., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Gernhold, L., Wong, M. N., Braun, F., Cohen, C. D., Kett, M. M., Kuppe, C., Kramann, R., Saritas, T., van Roeyen, C. R., Moeller, M. J., Tribolet, L., Rebello, R., … Bertram, J. F. (2019). mTOR-mediated podocyte hypertrophy regulates glomerular integrity in mice and humans. JCI Insight, 4(18), e99271. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.99271
Sancak, Y., Bar-Peled, L., Zoncu, R., Markhard, A. L., Nada, S., & Sabatini, D. M. (2010). Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell, 141(2), 290-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
Schell, C., Baumhakl, L., Salou, S., Conzelmann, A. C., Meyer, C., Helmstädter, M., Wrede, C., Grahammer F., Eimer S., Kerjaschki D., Walz G., Snapper S., Huber T. B. (2013). N-wasp is required for stabilization of podocyte foot processes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 24(5), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012080844
Stow, J. L., Hung, Y., & Wall, A. A. (2020). Macropinocytosis: Insights from immunology and cancer. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 65, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2020.06.005
Sun, X., Liu, Y., Zhou, S., Wang, L., Wei, J., Hua, R., Shen, Z., Yoshida S. (2022). Circular dorsal ruffles disturb the growth factor-induced PI3K-AKT pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. Cell Communication and Signaling, 20(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-022-00911-6
Swanson, J. A. (2008). Shaping cups into phagosomes and macropinosomes. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 9(8), 639-649. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2447
Swanson, J. A., & Watts, C. (1995). Macropinocytosis. Trends in Cell Biology, 5(11), 424-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(00)89101-1
Swanson, J. A., & Yoshida, S. (2019). Macropinosomes as units of signal transduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1765), 20180157. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0157
Thorpe, L. M., Yuzugullu, H., & Zhao, J. J. (2015). PI3K in cancer: Divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting. Nature Reviews Cancer, 15(1), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3860
Várnai, P., Rother, K. I., & Balla, T. (1999). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent membrane association of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase pleckstrin homology domain visualized in single living cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(16), 10983-10989. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.16.10983
Wall, A. A., Luo, L., Hung, Y., Tong, S. J., Condon, N. D., Blumenthal, A., Sweet, M. J., Stow J. L. (2017). Small GTPase Rab8a-recruited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ regulates signaling and cytokine outputs from endosomal toll-like receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292(11), 4411-4422. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.766337
Wang, H., Sheng, J., He, H., Chen, X., Li, J., Tan, R., Wang, L., Lan H. Y. (2019). A simple and highly purified method for isolation of glomeruli from the mouse kidney. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 317(5), F1217-F1223. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00293.2019
West, M. A., Bretscher, M. S., & Watts, C. (1989). Distinct endocytotic pathways in epidermal growth factor-stimulated human carcinoma A431 cells. J Cell Biol, 109(6 Pt 1), 2731-2739. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.6.2731
Ying, H. Z., Chen, Q., Zhang, W. Y., Zhang, H. H., Ma, Y., Zhang, S. Z., Fang, J., Yu C.H. (2017). PDGF signaling pathway in hepatic fibrosis pathogenesis and therapeutics Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(6), 7879-7889. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7641
Yoshida, S., Hoppe, A. D., Araki, N., & Swanson, J. A. (2009). Sequential signaling in plasma-membrane domains during macropinosome formation in macrophages. Journal of Cell Science. 122(Pt 18), 3250-3261. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.053207
Yoshida, S., Pacitto, R., Inoki, K., & Swanson, J. (2018). Macropinocytosis, mTORC1 and cellular growth control. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 75(7), 1227-1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2710-y
Yoshida, S., Pacitto, R., Sesi, C., Kotula, L., & Swanson, J. A. (2018). Dorsal ruffles enhance activation of Akt by growth factors. Journal of Cell Science, 131(22), jcs220517. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.220517
Yoshida, S., Pacitto, R., Yao, Y., Inoki, K., & Swanson, J. A. (2015). Growth factor signaling to mTORC1 by amino acid-laden macropinosomes. Journal of Cell Biology, 211(1), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201504097
Yoshida, S., Wei, X., Zhang, G., O'Connor, C. L., Torres, M., Zhou, Z., Lin, L., Menon, R., Xu, X., Zheng, W., Xiong, Y., Otto, E., Tang, C. H. A., Hua, R., Verma, R., Mori, H., Zhang, Y., Hu, C. C. A., Liu, M., … Qi, L. (2021). Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation is required for nephrin maturation and kidney glomerular filtration function. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(7), e143988. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI143988
Yu, S. M. W., Nissaisorakarn, P., Husain, I., & Jim, B. (2018). Proteinuric kidney diseases: A podocyte's slit diaphragm and cytoskeleton approach. Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00221
Zdżalik-Bielecka, D., Poświata, A., Kozik, K., Jastrzębski, K., Schink, K. O., Brewińska-Olchowik, M., Piwocka, K., Stenmark, H., & Miączyńska, M. (2021). The GAS6-AXL signaling pathway triggers actin remodeling that drives membrane ruffling, macropinocytosis, and cancer-cell invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(28), e2024596118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024596118
Zobel, M., Disanza, A., Senic-Matuglia, F., Franco, M., Colaluca, I. N., Confalonieri, S., Bisi, S., Barbieri, E., Caldieri, G., Sigismund, S., Pece, S., Chavrier, P., Di Fiore, P. P., & Scita, G. (2018). A NUMB-EFA6B-ARF6 recycling route controls apically restricted cell protrusions and mesenchymal motility. Journal of Cell Biology, 217(9), 3161-3182. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201802023
Zoncu, R., Bar-Peled, L., Efeyan, A., Wang, S., Sancak, Y., & Sabatini, D. M. (2011). mTORC1 senses lysosomal amino acids through an inside-out mechanism that requires the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Science, 334(6056), 678-683. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1207056
Zschiedrich, S., Bork, T., Liang, W., Wanner, N., Eulenbruch, K., Munder, S., Hartleben, B., Kretz O., Gerber S., Simons M., Viau A., Burtin M., Wei C., Reiser J., Herbach N., Rastaldi M. P., Cohen C. D., Tharaux P. L., Terzi F., … Huber T. B. (2017). Targeting mTOR signaling can prevent the progression of FSGS. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 28(7), 2144-2157. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016050519

Auteurs

Rui Hua (R)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Jinzi Wei (J)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Mauricio Torres (M)

Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Yuxin He (Y)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Yanan Li (Y)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Xiaowei Sun (X)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Li Wang (L)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.

Ken Inoki (K)

Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Internal medicine and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Sei Yoshida (S)

State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.

Articles similaires

The FGF/FGFR/c-Myc axis as a promising therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.

Arianna Giacomini, Sara Taranto, Giorgia Gazzaroli et al.
1.00
Humans Multiple Myeloma Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor Fibroblast Growth Factors Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc
Animals Lung India Sheep Transcriptome

Calcineurin inhibition enhances

Priyanka Das, Alejandro Aballay, Jogender Singh
1.00
Animals Caenorhabditis elegans Longevity Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins Calcineurin
1.00
Animals Mice Immunity, Innate Interneurons Synapses

Classifications MeSH