Trends in gender, race, and ethnic diversity among prospective physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians.
Journal
PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation
ISSN: 1934-1563
Titre abrégé: PM R
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101491319
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2023
Nov 2023
Historique:
revised:
20
02
2023
received:
05
04
2021
accepted:
24
02
2023
medline:
22
11
2023
pubmed:
18
3
2023
entrez:
17
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
As the proportion of women and individuals who are underrepresented in medicine slowly rises, disparities persist in numerous arenas and specialties. In physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), there is a continued need to focus on diversity among trainees. This study aims to evaluate diversity among PM&R applicants and residents over the past 6 years. To describe the demographic trends in PM&R over the last 6 years and compare those findings with trends in other specialties. Surveillance. Analyses of national databases from self-reported questionnaires. The study consists of 126,833 medical school matriculants, 374,185 resident applicants, and 326,134 resident trainees over the last 6 years. Self-reported demographic data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were analyzed for medical school matriculants, PM&R applicants, and current residents for the cycles of 2014-2015 to 2019-2020. The data were then comparatively reviewed between PM&R and other medical specialties. In the 6 cycles evaluated, women accounted for 36%-39% of PM&R residents, but 47%-48% in non-PM&R specialties. Women applicants to the PM&R specialty averaged 34.4% over the 6 years analyzed, which was the fourth lowest of the 11 specialties examined. Black or African American and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin populations each accounted for only 6% of PM&R residents. PM&R demonstrated a noticeably higher proportion of White (62.1% vs. 60.3%) and an observably lower proportion of Black or African American (6.0% vs. 7.1%) and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin (6.3% vs. 7.9%) residents compared with non-PM&R specialties. There is underrepresentation of women and multiple racial and ethnic minority groups in the field of PM&R from applicants to trainees demonstrating a need to improve recruitment efforts.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
As the proportion of women and individuals who are underrepresented in medicine slowly rises, disparities persist in numerous arenas and specialties. In physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), there is a continued need to focus on diversity among trainees. This study aims to evaluate diversity among PM&R applicants and residents over the past 6 years.
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
To describe the demographic trends in PM&R over the last 6 years and compare those findings with trends in other specialties.
DESIGN
METHODS
Surveillance.
SETTING
METHODS
Analyses of national databases from self-reported questionnaires.
PARTICIPANTS
METHODS
The study consists of 126,833 medical school matriculants, 374,185 resident applicants, and 326,134 resident trainees over the last 6 years.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
METHODS
Self-reported demographic data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were analyzed for medical school matriculants, PM&R applicants, and current residents for the cycles of 2014-2015 to 2019-2020. The data were then comparatively reviewed between PM&R and other medical specialties.
RESULTS
RESULTS
In the 6 cycles evaluated, women accounted for 36%-39% of PM&R residents, but 47%-48% in non-PM&R specialties. Women applicants to the PM&R specialty averaged 34.4% over the 6 years analyzed, which was the fourth lowest of the 11 specialties examined. Black or African American and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin populations each accounted for only 6% of PM&R residents. PM&R demonstrated a noticeably higher proportion of White (62.1% vs. 60.3%) and an observably lower proportion of Black or African American (6.0% vs. 7.1%) and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin (6.3% vs. 7.9%) residents compared with non-PM&R specialties.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
There is underrepresentation of women and multiple racial and ethnic minority groups in the field of PM&R from applicants to trainees demonstrating a need to improve recruitment efforts.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1445-1456Subventions
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : KL2 TR003168
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2023 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Références
Merchant JL, Omary MB. Underrepresentation of underrepresented minorities in academic medicine: the need to enhance the pipeline and the pipe. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(1):19-26.e1-3.
Higgins MC, Hwang WT, Richard C, et al. Underrepresentation of women and minorities in the United States IR academic physician workforce. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;27(12):1837-1844.
Jacob JA. AAMC report examines how to increase the pipeline of black men entering medical school. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2222-2224.
AAMC. Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/report/diversity-medicine-facts-and-figures-2019
Lett LA, Murdock HM, Orji WU, Aysola J, Sebro R. Trends in racial/ethnic representation among US medical students. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(9):e1910490.
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), 2018. ACGME common program requirements (residency). acgme.org 2019 https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/CPRResidency2019.pdf
Poon S, Kiridly D, Mutawakkil M, et al. Current trends in sex, race, and ethnic diversity in orthopaedic surgery residency. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(16):e725-e733.
Parmeshwar N, Stuart ER, Reid CM, Oviedo P, Gosman AA. Diversity in plastic surgery: trends in minority representation among applicants and residents. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(3):940-949.
Sanfey H, Crandall M, Shaughnessy E, et al. Strategies for identifying and closing the gender salary gap in surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2017;225(2):333-338.
Abosch A, Rutka JT. Women in neurosurgery: inequality redux. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(2):277-281.
Butler PD, Aarons CB, Ahn J, et al. Leading from the front: an approach to increasing racial and ethnic diversity in surgical training programs. Ann Surg. 2019;269(6):1012-1015.
Zhang Y, Silver JM, Tiwana S, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Physical medicine and rehabilitation faculty diversity trends by sex, race, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2018 in the United States. PM&R. 2020;13(9):994-1004.
Shantharam G, Tran TY, McGee H, Thavaseelan S. Examining trends in underrepresented minorities in urology residency. Urology. 2019;127:36-41.
Boatright D, Tunson J, Caruso E, et al. The impact of the 2008 Council of Emergency Residency Directors (CORD) panel on emergency medicine resident diversity. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(5):576-583.
Chapman CH, Hwang WT, Both S, Thomas CR Jr, Deville C. Current status of diversity by race, hispanic ethnicity, and sex in diagnostic radiology. Radiology. 2014;270(1):232-240.
Garrick JF, Perez B, Anaebere TC, Craine P, Lyons C, Lee T. The diversity snowball effect: the quest to increase diversity in emergency medicine: a case study of Highland's emergency medicine residency program. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(6):639-647.
Heron SL, Lovell EO, Wang E, Bowman SH. Promoting diversity in emergency medicine: summary recommendations from the 2008 Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) academic assembly diversity workgroup. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(5):450-453.
Hewett L, Lewis M, Collins H, Gordon L. Gender bias in diagnostic radiology resident selection, does it exist? Acad Radiol. 2016;23(1):101-107.
Okike K, Utuk ME, White AA. Racial and ethnic diversity in orthopaedic surgery residency programs. JBJS. 2011;93(18):e107.
Van Voorhees AS, Enos CW. Diversity in dermatology residency programs. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2017;18(2):S46-S49.
Xierali IM, Nivet MA, Wilson MR. Current and future status of diversity in ophthalmologist workforce. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(9):1016-1023.
Poma PA. Race/ethnicity concordance between patients and physicians. J Natl Med Assoc. 2017;109(1):6-8.
Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Larson AR, Capizzi AN, et al. How physician compensation and education debt impacts financial stress and burnout: a survey study of women in physical medicine and rehabilitation. PM&R. 2020;13(8):836-844.
Pisaniello MS, Asahina AT, Bacchi S, et al. Effect of medical student debt on mental health, academic performance and specialty choice: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e029980.
Shanafelt TD, West CP, Sinsky C, et al. Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2017. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2019;94(9):1681-1694.
Peckham C, Grisham S. Medscape Lifestyle Report 2017: Race and Ethnicity, Bias and Burnout. Available at: 2017 http://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/lifestyle/2017/overview (Accessed February 26, 2017).
Silver JK, Blauwet CA, Bhatnagar S, et al. Women physicians are underrepresented in recognition awards from the Association of Academic Physiatrists. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;97(1):34-40.
Silver JK, Bhatnagar S, Blauwet CA, et al. Female physicians are underrepresented in recognition awards from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. PM&R. 2017;9(10):976-984.
Sanchez AN, Martinez CI, Stampas A, et al. Ethnic and racial diversity in academic PM&R compared to all other medical specialties. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;100(2S Suppl 1):S12-S16.
Hwang J, Byrd K, Nguyen MO, Liu M, Huang Y, Bae GH. Gender and ethnic diversity in academic PM&R Faculty: national trend analysis of two decades. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;96(8):593-595.
Escalon MX, De Mesa C, Valdez G, Silver JK, Kirksey KM, Verduzco-Gutierrez M. Beyond a hashtag: strategies to move toward a more inclusive physiatry workforce. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;100(7):712-717.
Silver JK, Cuccurullo SJ, Ambrose AF, et al. Association of academic physiatrists women's task force report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;97(9):680-690.
Swenor B, Meeks LM. Disability inclusion-moving beyond mission statements. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(22):2089-2091.
Silver JK, Cuccurullo S, Weiss LD, et al. The vital role of professionalism in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;99(4):273-277.
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (aapm&r). 2017 PM&R Physician Compensation Survey Report. 2017 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Doximity. Doximity 2019 Physician Compensation Report. 2019 Doximity.
Jena AB, Olenski AR, Blumenthal DM. Sex differences in physician salary in US public medical schools. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1294-1304.
Hill E, Vaughan S. The only girl in the room: how paradigmatic trajectories deter female students from surgical careers. Med Educ. 2013;47(6):547-556.
Rogers AC, Wren SM, McNamara DA. Gender and specialty influences on personal and professional life among trainees. Ann Surg. 2019;269(2):383-387.
Cronin C, Lucas M, McCarthy A, et al. Are we reaping what we sow? Gender diversity in surgery: a survey of medical students. Postgrad Med J. 2019;95(1121):119-124.
Khatri UG, Love J, Zeidan A, Hsu CH, Mills AM. # Shemergency: use of a professional development group to promote female resident recruitment and retention. Acad Med. 2020;95(2):216-220.
Lewis T, Tolbert J, Jones BL. Increasing resident racial and ethnic diversity through targeted recruitment efforts. J Pediatr. 2020;216:4-6.
Davies TA, Kaye E, Stahlberger M, et al. Improving diversity of dental students through the Boston University Master's of Oral Health Sciences postbaccalaureate program. J Dent Educ. 2019;83(3):287-295.
Tunson J, Boatright D, Oberfoell S, et al. Increasing resident diversity in an emergency medicine residency program: a pilot intervention with three principal strategies. Acad Med. 2016;91(7):958-961.
Grbic D, Morrison E, Sondheimer HM, Conrad SS, Milem JF. The association between a holistic review in admissions workshop and the diversity of accepted applicants and students matriculating to medical school. Acad Med. 2019;94(3):396-403.
Guh J, Harris C, Martinez P, Chen F, Gianutsos LP. Antiracism in residency: a multimethod intervention to increase racial diversity in a community-based residency program. Fam Med. 2019;51(1):37-40.
Spottswood SE, Spalluto LB, Washington ER, et al. Design, implementation, and evaluation of a diversity program for radiology. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019;16(7):983-991.
Aibana O, Swails JL, Flores RJ, Love L. Bridging the gap: holistic review to increase diversity in graduate medical education. Acad Med. 2019;94(8):1137-1141.