Exploring Synthetic Strategies for 1H-Indazoles and Their N-Oxides: Electrochemical Synthesis of 1H-Indazole N-Oxides and Their Divergent C-H Functionalizations.

C−H Functionalization Divergent Electrochemical Paired Electrolysis Radicals

Journal

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
ISSN: 1521-3773
Titre abrégé: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 0370543

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
26 Jun 2023
Historique:
received: 08 03 2023
medline: 22 4 2023
pubmed: 22 4 2023
entrez: 22 04 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The selective electrochemical synthesis of 1H-indazoles and their N-oxides and the subsequent C-H functionalization of the 1H-indazole N-oxides are described. The electrochemical outcomes were determined by the nature of the cathode material. When a reticulated vitreous carbon cathode was used, a wide range of 1H-indazole N-oxides were selectively synthesized, and the electrosynthesis products were deoxygenated to N-heteroaromatics, owing to cathodic cleavage of the N-O bond via paired electrolysis, when a Zn cathode was used. The scope of this electrochemical protocol is broad, as both electron-rich and electron-poor substrates were tolerated. The potency of this electrochemical strategy was demonstrated through the late-stage functionalization of various bioactive molecules, making this reaction attractive for the synthesis of 1H-indazole derivatives for pharmaceutical research and development. Detailed mechanistic investigations involving electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry suggested a radical pathway featuring iminoxyl radicals. Owing to the rich reactivity of 1H-indazole N-oxides, diverse C-H functionalization reactions were performed. We demonstrated the synthetic utility of 1H-indazole N-oxides by synthesizing the pharmaceutical molecules lificiguat and YD (3); key intermediates for bendazac, benzydamine, norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SAM-531, and gamendazole analogues; and a precursor for organic light-emitting diodes.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37086084
doi: 10.1002/anie.202303460
doi:

Substances chimiques

Oxides 0
Indazoles 0
Pharmaceutical Preparations 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e202303460

Subventions

Organisme : National Research Foundation of Korea
ID : 2019R1A2C2004902
Organisme : National Research Foundation of Korea
ID : 2022R1A4A2000778
Organisme : Samsung Science and Technology Foundation
ID : SSTF-BA190113746

Informations de copyright

© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

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Auteurs

Sagar Arepally (S)

Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Taehoon Kim (T)

Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Gyeongho Kim (G)

Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Haesik Yang (H)

Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Jin Kyoon Park (JK)

Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

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