A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean.
Journal
Nature ecology & evolution
ISSN: 2397-334X
Titre abrégé: Nat Ecol Evol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101698577
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2023
09 2023
Historique:
received:
04
04
2022
accepted:
30
06
2023
medline:
8
9
2023
pubmed:
18
8
2023
entrez:
17
8
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The Iron Age was a dynamic period in central Mediterranean history, with the expansion of Greek and Phoenician colonies and the growth of Carthage into the dominant maritime power of the Mediterranean. These events were facilitated by the ease of long-distance travel following major advances in seafaring. We know from the archaeological record that trade goods and materials were moving across great distances in unprecedented quantities, but it is unclear how these patterns correlate with human mobility. Here, to investigate population mobility and interactions directly, we sequenced the genomes of 30 ancient individuals from coastal cities around the central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia and central Italy. We observe a meaningful contribution of autochthonous populations, as well as highly heterogeneous ancestry including many individuals with non-local ancestries from other parts of the Mediterranean region. These results highlight both the role of local populations and the extreme interconnectedness of populations in the Iron Age Mediterranean. By studying these trans-Mediterranean neighbours together, we explore the complex interplay between local continuity and mobility that shaped the Iron Age societies of the central Mediterranean.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37592021
doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4
pii: 10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4
doi:
Substances chimiques
DNA, Ancient
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1515-1524Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Références
López-Ruiz, C. & Doak, B. R. The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean (Oxford Univ. Press, 2019).
Quinn, J. C. & Vella, N. C. The Punic Mediterranean: Identities and Identification from Phoenician Settlement to Roman Rule (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).
Turfa, J. M. The Etruscan World (Routledge, 2014).
Benelli, E. in Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization (eds Keay, S. J. & Terrenato, N.) 7–16 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2001).
Broodbank, C. The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World (Oxford Univ. Press, 2013).
Fernandes, D. M. et al. The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 334–345 (2020).
pubmed: 32094539
pmcid: 7080320
doi: 10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0
Marcus, J. H. et al. Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. Nat. Commun. 11, 939 (2020).
pubmed: 32094358
pmcid: 7039977
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6
Antonio, M. L. et al. Ancient Rome: a genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean. Science 366, 708–714 (2019).
pubmed: 31699931
pmcid: 7093155
doi: 10.1126/science.aay6826
Posth, C. et al. The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi7673 (2021).
pubmed: 34559560
pmcid: 8462907
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7673
Reitsema, L. J. et al. The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2205272119 (2022).
pubmed: 36191217
pmcid: 9564095
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2205272119
Matisoo-Smith, E. A. et al. A European mitochondrial haplotype identified in ancient Phoenician remains from Carthage, North Africa. PLoS ONE 11, e0155046 (2016).
pubmed: 27224451
pmcid: 4880306
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155046
Saupe, T. et al. Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula. Curr. Biol. 31, 2576–2591.e12 (2021).
pubmed: 33974848
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022
Haber, M. et al. A genetic history of the Near East from an aDNA time course sampling eight points in the past 4,000 years. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 107, 149–157 (2020).
pubmed: 32470374
pmcid: 7332655
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008
Haber, M. et al. Continuity and admixture in the last five millennia of levantine history from ancient Canaanite and present-day Lebanese genome sequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 101, 274–282 (2017).
pubmed: 28757201
pmcid: 5544389
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013
Olalde, I. et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363, 1230–1234 (2019).
pubmed: 30872528
pmcid: 6436108
doi: 10.1126/science.aav4040
Zalloua, P. et al. Ancient DNA of Phoenician remains indicates discontinuity in the settlement history of Ibiza. Sci. Rep. 8, 17567–17515 (2018).
pubmed: 30514893
pmcid: 6279797
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35667-y
Schuenemann, V. J. et al. Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nat. Commun. 8, 15694 (2017).
pubmed: 28556824
pmcid: 5459999
doi: 10.1038/ncomms15694
Villalba-Mouco, V. et al. Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi7038 (2021).
pubmed: 34788096
pmcid: 8597998
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7038
Feldman, M. et al. Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax0061 (2019).
pubmed: 31281897
pmcid: 6609216
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0061
Agranat-Tamir, L. et al. The genomic history of the Bronze Age Southern Levant. Cell 181, 1146–1157.e11 (2020).
pubmed: 32470400
pmcid: 10212583
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024
Fregel, R. et al. Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 6774–6779 (2018).
pubmed: 29895688
pmcid: 6042094
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800851115
Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Reich, D. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).
pubmed: 17194218
pmcid: 1713260
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190
Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics 192, 1065–1093 (2012).
pubmed: 22960212
pmcid: 3522152
doi: 10.1534/genetics.112.145037
Harney, É., Patterson, N., Reich, D. & Wakeley, J. Assessing the performance of qpAdm: a statistical tool for studying population admixture. Genetics 217, iyaa045 (2021).
Fantar, M. H. in Fenicios y Territorio: Actas del II Seminario (ed. Prats, A. G.) 71–88 (Instituto Alicantino de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert Alfredo, 2000).
Fantar, M. H. Le cavalier marin de Kerkouane. Africa 1, 19–32 (1988).
Fantar, M. H. Kerkouane: Cité Punique du Cap Bon (Tunisie) (Institut National d’Archéologie et d’Art, 1984).
Miles, R. Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Mediterranean Civilization (Allen Lane, 2010).
Fantar, M. Espaces culturels à Kerkouane. C. R. Acad. Sci. Inscr. Belles Lett. 147, 817–824 (2003).
Fantar, M. H. Kerkouane: Une Cité Punique au Cap-Bon (Institut national d'archéologie et d'art, 1987).
Salas, A. et al. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 1082–1111 (2002).
pubmed: 12395296
pmcid: 385086
doi: 10.1086/344348
Lazaridis, I. et al. Genetic origins of the minoans and mycenaeans. Nature 548, 214–218 (2017).
pubmed: 28783727
pmcid: 5565772
doi: 10.1038/nature23310
Loogväli, E.-L. et al. Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 2012–2021 (2004).
pubmed: 15254257
doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh209
Skourtanioti, E. et al. Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 290–303 (2023).
pubmed: 36646948
pmcid: 9911347
Hunter, V. Review of Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece: Representations and Realities by Pomeroy, S. B. Phoenix 52, 395–398 (1998).
Gallego Llorente, M. et al. Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in eastern Africa. Science 350, 820–822 (2015).
pubmed: 26449472
doi: 10.1126/science.aad2879
Fregel, R. et al. Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 14, e0209125 (2019).
pubmed: 30893316
pmcid: 6426200
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209125
Arauna, L. R. et al. Recent historical migrations have shaped the gene pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 34, 318–329 (2017).
pubmed: 27744413
Matisoo-Smith, E. et al. Ancient mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: a story of settlement, integration, and female mobility. PLoS ONE 13, e0190169 (2018).
pubmed: 29320542
pmcid: 5761892
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190169
Modi, A. et al. Genetic structure and differentiation from early Bronze Age in the Mediterranean island of Sicily: insights from ancient mitochondrial genomes. Front. Genet. 13, 945227 (2022).
pubmed: 36159977
pmcid: 9500526
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.945227
Modi, A. et al. The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains. Sci. Rep. 10, 10700 (2020).
pubmed: 32612271
pmcid: 7329865
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0
Aneli, S. et al. The genetic origin of Daunians and the pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context. Mol. Biol. Evol. 39, msac014 (2022).
pubmed: 35038748
pmcid: 8826970
doi: 10.1093/molbev/msac014
Serventi, P. et al. Iron Age Italic population genetics: the Piceni from Novilara (8th–7th century BC). Ann. Hum. Biol. 45, 34–43 (2018).
pubmed: 29216758
doi: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1414876
Sarno, S. et al. Insights into Punic genetic signatures in the southern necropolis of Tharros (Sardinia). Ann. Hum. Biol. 48, 247–259 (2021).
pubmed: 34459340
doi: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1937699
Moorjani, P. et al. The history of African gene flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews. PLoS Genet. 7, e1001373 (2011).
pubmed: 21533020
pmcid: 3080861
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373
Koptekin, D. et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean. Curr. Biol. 33, 41–57.e15 (2023).
pubmed: 36493775
pmcid: 9839366
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.034
Antonio, M. L. et al. Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.15.491973 (2022).
Botigué, L. R. et al. Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 11791–11796 (2013).
pubmed: 23733930
pmcid: 3718088
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1306223110
Fentress, E. in The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean (eds Prag, J. & Quinn, J.) 157–178 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
Sereno, P. C. et al. Lakeside cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 years of holocene population and environmental change. PLoS ONE 3, e2995 (2008).
pubmed: 18701936
pmcid: 2515196
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002995
Sommer, M. in Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa (eds Dowler, A. & Galvin, E. R.) 61–64 (British Museum, 2011).
Hérodote. Textes relatifs à l’histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Hérodote [L. IV, ch. 168–199; l. II, ch. 31–33; l. IV, ch. 42–43], par Stéphane Gsell. [Texte, traduction, commentaire. Fragments d’Hécatée relatifs à la Libye.] (A. Jourdan, 1915).
Hodos, T. Colonial engagements in the global Mediterranean Iron Age. Camb. Archaeol. J. 19, 221–241 (2009).
doi: 10.1017/S0959774309000286
Whittaker, C. R. in Imperialism in the Ancient World: The Cambridge University Research Seminar in Ancient History (eds Garnsey, P. & Whittaker, C.) 59–90 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1979).
Freund, K. P. A long-term perspective on the exploitation of Lipari obsidian in central Mediterranean prehistory. Quat. Int. 468, 109–120 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.014
Pinhasi, R., Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K. & Cheronet, O. Isolating the human cochlea to generate bone powder for ancient DNA analysis. Nat. Protoc. 14, 1194–1205 (2019).
pubmed: 30842617
doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0137-7
Pinhasi, R. et al. Optimal ancient DNA yields from the inner ear part of the human petrous bone. PLoS ONE 10, e0129102 (2015).
pubmed: 26086078
pmcid: 4472748
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129102
Meyer, M. & Kircher, M. Illumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2010, pdb.prot5448 (2010).
pubmed: 20516186
doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot5448
Renaud, G., Slon, V., Duggan, A. T. & Kelso, J. Schmutzi: estimation of contamination and endogenous mitochondrial consensus calling for ancient DNA. Genome Biol. 16, 224 (2015).
pubmed: 26458810
pmcid: 4601135
doi: 10.1186/s13059-015-0776-0
Allen Ancient DNA Resource: Downloadable Genotypes of Present-day and Ancient DNA Data (David Reich Lab, 2021); https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/allen-ancient-dna-resource-aadr-downloadable-genotypes-present-day-and-ancient-dna-data (2021).
Mallick, S. et al. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.06.535797 (2023).
Kuhn, M., Manuel, J., Jakobsson, M. & Günther, T. Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations. PLoS ONE 13, e0195491 (2018).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195491
Maier, R. & Patterson, N. admixtools2 (Github, 2022).
ESRI. World Basemap v2. World Topographic Map (ArcGIS Online, 2017); https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=7dc6cea0b1764a1f9af2e679f642f0f5