The role and mechanisms of microvascular damage in the ischemic myocardium.
Microvascular damage
Microvascular endothelial cells
Microvascular leakage
Microvascular obstruction
Journal
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
ISSN: 1420-9071
Titre abrégé: Cell Mol Life Sci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 9705402
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Oct 2023
29 Oct 2023
Historique:
received:
22
05
2023
accepted:
02
10
2023
revised:
08
09
2023
medline:
31
10
2023
pubmed:
29
10
2023
entrez:
29
10
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Following myocardial ischemic injury, the most effective clinical intervention is timely restoration of blood perfusion to ischemic but viable myocardium to reduce irreversible myocardial necrosis, limit infarct size, and prevent cardiac insufficiency. However, reperfusion itself may exacerbate cell death and myocardial injury, a process commonly referred to as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which primarily involves cardiomyocytes and cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) and is characterized by myocardial stunning, microvascular damage (MVD), reperfusion arrhythmia, and lethal reperfusion injury. MVD caused by I/R has been a neglected problem compared to myocardial injury. Clinically, the incidence of microvascular angina and/or no-reflow due to ineffective coronary perfusion accounts for 5-50% in patients after acute revascularization. MVD limiting drug diffusion into injured myocardium, is strongly associated with the development of heart failure. CMECs account for > 60% of the cardiac cellular components, and their role in myocardial I/R injury cannot be ignored. There are many studies on microvascular obstruction, but few studies on microvascular leakage, which may be mainly due to the lack of corresponding detection methods. In this review, we summarize the clinical manifestations, related mechanisms of MVD during myocardial I/R, laboratory and clinical examination means, as well as the research progress on potential therapies for MVD in recent years. Better understanding the characteristics and risk factors of MVD in patients after hemodynamic reconstruction is of great significance for managing MVD, preventing heart failure and improving patient prognosis.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37898977
doi: 10.1007/s00018-023-04998-z
pii: 10.1007/s00018-023-04998-z
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
341Subventions
Organisme : National Natural Science Foundation of China
ID : U1903212
Organisme : National Natural Science Foundation of China
ID : 81870272
Organisme : Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Province
ID : 2021D04020
Organisme : the State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases fund
ID : SKL-HIDCA-2021-XXG1
Organisme : the State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases fund
ID : SKL-HIDCA-2022-XXG1
Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Références
Li Y, Schoufour J, Wang DD et al (2020) Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ 368:l6669. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6669
doi: 10.1136/bmj.l6669
pubmed: 31915124
pmcid: 7190036
Bhatnagar A (2017) Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 121(2):162–180. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458
pubmed: 28684622
pmcid: 5777598
Wang W, Hu M, Liu H et al (2021) Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 suggests that metabolic risk factors are the leading drivers of the burden of ischemic heart disease. Cell Metab 33(10):1943-1956e1942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.005
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.005
pubmed: 34478633
Balakumar P, Maung UK, Jagadeesh G (2016) Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Res 113(Pt A):600–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.040
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.040
pubmed: 27697647
Organization WH (2021) Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds ). Accessed 14 Feb 2023
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO et al (2020) Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(25):2982–3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
pubmed: 33309175
pmcid: 7755038
Smit M, Coetzee AR, Lochner A (2020) The pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and perioperative myocardial infarction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 34(9):2501–2512. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005
doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005
pubmed: 31685419
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS et al (2015) Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131(4):e29-322. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152
pubmed: 25520374
Crea F, Camici PG, Bairey Merz CN (2014) Coronary microvascular dysfunction: an update. Eur Heart J 35(17):1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht513
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht513
pubmed: 24366916
Chang X, Lochner A, Wang HH et al (2021) Coronary microvascular injury in myocardial infarction: perception and knowledge for mitochondrial quality control. Theranostics 11(14):6766–6785. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.60143
doi: 10.7150/thno.60143
pubmed: 34093852
pmcid: 8171103
Kleinbongard P, Heusch G (2022) A fresh look at coronary microembolization. Nat Rev Cardiol 19(4):265–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00632-2
doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00632-2
pubmed: 34785770
Zhong J, Ouyang H, Sun M et al (2019) Tanshinone IIA attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating the SIRT1-PGC1alpha-mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 24(5):991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-019-01027-6
doi: 10.1007/s12192-019-01027-6
pubmed: 31388827
pmcid: 6717231
Khuddus MA, Pepine CJ, Handberg EM et al (2010) An intravascular ultrasound analysis in women experiencing chest pain in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a substudy from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). J Interv Cardiol 23(6):511–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00598.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00598.x
pubmed: 21029178
Reynolds HR, Diaz A, Cyr DD et al (2023) Ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries: insights from the ISCHEMIA Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 16(1):63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.06.015
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.06.015
pubmed: 36115814
Camici PG, Crea F (2007) Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 356(8):830–840. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra061889
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra061889
pubmed: 17314342
Heusch G (2016) The coronary circulation as a target of cardioprotection. Circ Res 118(10):1643–1658. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308640
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308640
pubmed: 27174955
Lambert L, Brown K, Segal E et al (2010) Association between timeliness of reperfusion therapy and clinical outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA 303(21):2148–2155. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.712
doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.712
pubmed: 20516415
He J, Bellenger NG, Ludman AJ et al (2022) Treatment of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: promise, disappointment, and hope. Rev Cardiovasc Med 23(1):23. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2301023
doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2301023
pubmed: 35092215
Wu S, Chang G, Gao L et al (2018) Trimetazidine protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting excessive autophagy. J Mol Med (Berl) 96(8):791–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-018-1664-3
doi: 10.1007/s00109-018-1664-3
pubmed: 29955901
Davidson SM, Ferdinandy P, Andreadou I et al (2019) Multitarget strategies to reduce myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(1):89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.086
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.086
pubmed: 30621955
Yang CF (2018) Clinical manifestations and basic mechanisms of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi 30(4):209–215. https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_33_18
doi: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_33_18
pubmed: 30305783
Wu E, Ortiz JT, Tejedor P et al (2008) Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart 94(6):730–736. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.122622
doi: 10.1136/hrt.2007.122622
pubmed: 18070953
Majidi M, Kosinski AS, Al-Khatib SM et al (2009) Reperfusion ventricular arrhythmia “bursts” predict larger infarct size despite TIMI 3 flow restoration with primary angioplasty for anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 30(7):757–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp005
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp005
pubmed: 19202155
Saia F, Grigioni F, Marzocchi A et al (2010) Management of acute left ventricular dysfunction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 160(6 Suppl):S16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.011
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.011
pubmed: 21147287
Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ (2007) Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med 357(11):1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra071667
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra071667
pubmed: 17855673
Zou R, Shi W, Qiu J et al (2022) Empagliflozin attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury through improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 21(1):106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01532-6
doi: 10.1186/s12933-022-01532-6
pubmed: 35705980
pmcid: 9202214
Wang J, Toan S, Zhou H (2020) New insights into the role of mitochondria in cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury. Angiogenesis 23(3):299–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-020-09720-2
doi: 10.1007/s10456-020-09720-2
pubmed: 32246225
Wang J, Toan S, Zhou H (2020) Mitochondrial quality control in cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury: new insights into the mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Res 156:104771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104771
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104771
pubmed: 32234339
Wu D, Ji H, Du W et al (2022) Mitophagy alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced microvascular damage through improving mitochondrial quality control. Bioengineered 13(2):3596–3607. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2027065
doi: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2027065
pubmed: 35112987
pmcid: 8973896
Chia PY, Teo A, Yeo TW (2020) Overview of the assessment of endothelial function in humans. Front Med (Lausanne) 7:542567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.542567
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.542567
pubmed: 33117828
Kloka JA, Friedrichson B, Wulfroth P et al (2023) Microvascular leakage as therapeutic target for ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101345
doi: 10.3390/cells12101345
pubmed: 37408180
pmcid: 10216082
Pinto AR, Ilinykh A, Ivey MJ et al (2016) Revisiting cardiac cellular composition. Circ Res 118(3):400–409. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307778
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307778
pubmed: 26635390
Bassenge E, Heusch G (1990) Endothelial and neuro-humoral control of coronary blood flow in health and disease. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 116:77–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/3540528806_4
doi: 10.1007/3540528806_4
pubmed: 2293307
Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S et al (2017) 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 70(12):1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2017.11.010
doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2017.11.010
pubmed: 29198432
Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S et al (2018) 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 39(2):119–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
pubmed: 28886621
Annibali G, Scrocca I, Aranzulla TC et al (2022) “No-Reflow” phenomenon: a contemporary review. J Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082233
doi: 10.3390/jcm11082233
pubmed: 36294319
pmcid: 9604741
Cai C, Guo Z, Chang X et al (2022) Empagliflozin attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion through activating the AMPKalpha1/ULK1/FUNDC1/mitophagy pathway. Redox Biol 52:102288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102288
doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102288
pubmed: 35325804
pmcid: 8938627
Heusch G, Kleinbongard P, Bose D et al (2009) Coronary microembolization: from bedside to bench and back to bedside. Circulation 120(18):1822–1836. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.888784
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.888784
pubmed: 19884481
Alidoosti M, Lotfi R, Lotfi-Tokaldany M et al (2018) Correlates of the "No-Reflow" or "Slow-Flow" phenomenon in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Tehran Heart Cent, 13(3), 108–114. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30745923 . Accessed 15 Aug 2023
Ambrosio G, Weisman HF, Mannisi JA et al (1989) Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischemic blood flow. Circulation 80(6):1846–1861. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.80.6.1846
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.80.6.1846
pubmed: 2598442
Reffelmann T, Kloner RA (2002) Microvascular reperfusion injury: rapid expansion of anatomic no reflow during reperfusion in the rabbit. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283(3):H1099-1107. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00270.2002
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00270.2002
pubmed: 12181140
Harrison RW, Aggarwal A, Ou FS et al (2013) Incidence and outcomes of no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 111(2):178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.015
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.015
pubmed: 23111142
Schwartz BG, Kloner RA (2012) Coronary no reflow. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52(4):873–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.009
doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.009
pubmed: 21712046
Ndrepepa G, Tiroch K, Fusaro M et al (2010) 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(21):2383–2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.054
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.054
pubmed: 20488311
Niccoli G, Montone RA, Ibanez B et al (2019) Optimized treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Res 125(2):245–258. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315344
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315344
pubmed: 31268854
van Kranenburg M, Magro M, Thiele H et al (2014) Prognostic value of microvascular obstruction and infarct size, as measured by CMR in STEMI patients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(9):930–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.05.010
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.05.010
pubmed: 25212799
Aggarwal P, Rekwal L, Sinha SK et al (2021) Predictors of no-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 70(3):136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancard.2021.04.004
doi: 10.1016/j.ancard.2021.04.004
pubmed: 33962782
Ramadan R, Vromans E, Anang DC et al (2020) Connexin43 hemichannel targeting with TAT-Gap19 alleviates radiation-induced endothelial cell damage. Front Pharmacol 11:212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00212
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00212
pubmed: 32210810
pmcid: 7066501
Wang L, Ge C, Zhang X (2022) Sufentanil ameliorates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction in HCMECs via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 24(1):437. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11364
doi: 10.3892/etm.2022.11364
pubmed: 35720630
pmcid: 9185804
Gao XM, Wu QZ, Kiriazis H et al (2017) Microvascular leakage in acute myocardial infarction: characterization by histology, biochemistry, and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 312(5):H1068–H1075. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00073.2017
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00073.2017
pubmed: 28341632
Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB (1974) The “no-reflow” phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest 54(6):1496–1508. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107898
doi: 10.1172/JCI107898
pubmed: 4140198
pmcid: 301706
Heusch G (2019) Coronary microvascular obstruction: the new frontier in cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 114(6):45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-019-0756-8
doi: 10.1007/s00395-019-0756-8
pubmed: 31617010
Kang S, Yang Y (2007) Coronary microvascular reperfusion injury and no-reflow in acute myocardial infarction. Clin Invest Med 30(3):E133-145. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i3.1082
doi: 10.25011/cim.v30i3.1082
pubmed: 17716552
Erkol A, Oduncu V, Turan B et al (2014) The value of plasma D-dimer level on admission in predicting no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention and long-term prognosis in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 38(3):339–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-013-1044-3
doi: 10.1007/s11239-013-1044-3
pubmed: 24407374
Grygier M, Araszkiewicz A, Lesiak M et al (2014) Intracoronary adenosine administered during aortocoronary vein graft interventions may reduce the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon. A pilot randomised trial. Kardiol Pol 72(2):126–133. https://doi.org/10.5603/KP.a2013.0213
doi: 10.5603/KP.a2013.0213
pubmed: 23990233
Li J, Wu L, Tian X et al (2015) Intravascular ultrasound observation of the mechanism of no-reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0119223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119223
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119223
pubmed: 26035818
pmcid: 4452793
Cenko E, Ricci B, Kedev S et al (2016) The no-reflow phenomenon in the young and in the elderly. Int J Cardiol 222:1122–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.209
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.209
pubmed: 27499222
Chen WR, Tian F, Chen YD et al (2016) Effects of liraglutide on no-reflow in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 208:109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.12.009
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.12.009
pubmed: 26849684
Durante A, Laricchia A, Benedetti G et al (2017) Identification of high-risk patients after ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: comparison between angiographic and magnetic resonance parameters. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 10(6):e005841. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005841
doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005841
pubmed: 28592591
Liang T, Liu M, Wu C et al (2017) Risk factors for no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Rev Invest Clin 69(3):139–145. https://doi.org/10.24875/ric.17002190
doi: 10.24875/ric.17002190
pubmed: 28613283
Li H, Fu DG, Liu FY et al (2018) Evaluation of related factors, prediction and treatment drugs of no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after direct PCI. Exp Ther Med 15(4):3940–3946. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5900
doi: 10.3892/etm.2018.5900
pubmed: 29563988
pmcid: 5858114
Mahmoud AH, Taha NM, Baraka K et al (2019) Clinical and procedural predictors of suboptimal myocardial reperfusion in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 23:100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100357
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100357
pubmed: 31032395
pmcid: 6477166
Yang L, Cong H, Lu Y et al (2020) Prediction of no-reflow phenomenon in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore) 99(26):e20152. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020152
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020152
pubmed: 32590726
Rossington JA, Sol E, Masoura K et al (2020) No-reflow phenomenon and comparison to the normal-flow population postprimary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction: case-control study (NORM PPCI). Open Heart. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2019-001215
doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001215
pubmed: 32989014
pmcid: 7523192
Sadeghian M, Mousavi SH, Aamaraee Z et al (2022) Administration of intracoronary adenosine before stenting for the prevention of no-reflow in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Scand Cardiovasc J 56(1):23–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017431.2022.2035807
doi: 10.1080/14017431.2022.2035807
pubmed: 35253571
d’Entremont MA, Alazzoni A, Dzavik V et al (2023) No-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an angiographic core laboratory analysis of the TOTAL Trial. EuroIntervention 19(5):e394–e401. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-23-00112
doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-23-00112
pubmed: 37382909
Eitel I, Wohrle J, Suenkel H et al (2013) Intracoronary compared with intravenous bolus abciximab application during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: cardiac magnetic resonance substudy of the AIDA STEMI trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 61(13):1447–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.048
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.048
pubmed: 23466078
Hadamitzky M, Langhans B, Hausleiter J et al (2014) Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in comparison with single-photon emission tomography using Tc99m-Sestamibi. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15(2):216–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet176
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jet176
pubmed: 24243144
Kandler D, Lucke C, Grothoff M et al (2014) The relation between hypointense core, microvascular obstruction and intramyocardial haemorrhage in acute reperfused myocardial infarction assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 24(12):3277–3288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3318-3
doi: 10.1007/s00330-014-3318-3
pubmed: 25097126
pmcid: 4231283
Ding S, Li Z, Ge H et al (2015) Impact of early ST-segment changes on cardiac magnetic resonance-verified intramyocardial haemorrhage and microvascular obstruction in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 94(35):e1438. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001438
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001438
pubmed: 26334905
Kim EK, Hahn JY, Song YB et al (2015) Effect of ischemic postconditioning on myocardial salvage in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: cardiac magnetic resonance substudy of the POST randomized trial. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(3):629–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-015-0589-y
doi: 10.1007/s10554-015-0589-y
pubmed: 25589306
Desch S, Stiermaier T, de Waha S et al (2016) Thrombus aspiration in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction presenting late after symptom onset. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 9(2):113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.09.010
doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2015.09.010
pubmed: 26793952
Carrick D, Haig C, Ahmed N et al (2016) Myocardial Hemorrhage after acute reperfused ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: relation to microvascular obstruction and prognostic significance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 9(1):e004148. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.004148
doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.004148
pubmed: 26763281
pmcid: 4718183
Nazir SA, McCann GP, Greenwood JP et al (2016) Strategies to attenuate micro-vascular obstruction during P-PCI: the randomized reperfusion facilitated by local adjunctive therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial. Eur Heart J 37(24):1910–1919. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw136
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw136
pubmed: 27147610
pmcid: 4917746
Kloner RA (2017) The importance of no-reflow/microvascular obstruction in the STEMI patient. Eur Heart J 38(47):3511–3513. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx288
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx288
pubmed: 29020371
Broch K, Anstensrud AK, Woxholt S et al (2021) Randomized trial of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 77(15):1845–1855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.049
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.049
pubmed: 33858620
Bulluck H, Carberry J, Carrick D et al (2022) A noncontrast CMR risk score for long-term risk stratification in reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 15(3):431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.08.006
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.08.006
pubmed: 35272808
Tiller C, Reindl M, Holzknecht M et al (2022) Association of plasma interleukin-6 with infarct size, reperfusion injury, and adverse remodelling after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 11(2):113–123. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjacc/zuab110
doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuab110
pubmed: 34849677
Li Z, Yin H, Wang D et al (2022) Prediction of microvascular obstruction by coronary artery angiography score after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a single-center retrospective observational study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 22(1):410. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02836-x
doi: 10.1186/s12872-022-02836-x
pubmed: 36104684
pmcid: 9472358
Husser O, Monmeneu JV, Sanchis J et al (2013) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance-derived intramyocardial hemorrhage after STEMI: Influence on long-term prognosis, adverse left ventricular remodeling and relationship with microvascular obstruction. Int J Cardiol 167(5):2047–2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.055
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.055
pubmed: 22682700
Carrick D, Haig C, Ahmed N et al (2016) Temporal evolution of myocardial hemorrhage and edema in patients after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: pathophysiological insights and clinical implications. J Am Heart Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002834
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002834
pubmed: 26908408
pmcid: 4802451
Garg P, Broadbent DA, Swoboda PP et al (2017) Extra-cellular expansion in the normal, non-infarcted myocardium is associated with worsening of regional myocardial function after acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 19(1):73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0384-0
doi: 10.1186/s12968-017-0384-0
pubmed: 28946878
pmcid: 5613621
Homme RP, George AK, Singh M et al (2021) Mechanism of blood-heart-barrier leakage: implications for COVID-19 induced cardiovascular injury. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413546
doi: 10.3390/ijms222413546
pubmed: 34948342
pmcid: 8706694
Li S, Chen J, Liu M et al (2021) Protective effect of HINT2 on mitochondrial function via repressing MCU complex activation attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 116(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-021-00905-4
doi: 10.1007/s00395-021-00905-4
pubmed: 34914018
pmcid: 8677646
Tian F, Zhang Y (2021) Overexpression of SERCA2a alleviates cardiac microvascular ischemic injury by suppressing Mfn2-mediated ER/mitochondrial calcium tethering. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:636553. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.636553
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636553
pubmed: 33869181
pmcid: 8047138
Fernandez-Jimenez R, Garcia-Prieto J, Sanchez-Gonzalez J et al (2015) Pathophysiology underlying the bimodal edema phenomenon after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 66(7):816–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.023
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.023
pubmed: 26271065
Kar S, Kavdia M (2011) Modeling of biopterin-dependent pathways of eNOS for nitric oxide and superoxide production. Free Radic Biol Med 51(7):1411–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.009
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.009
pubmed: 21742028
pmcid: 3184605
Jones SA, O’Donnell VB, Wood JD et al (1996) Expression of phagocyte NADPH oxidase components in human endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 271(4 Pt 2):H1626-1634. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.H1626
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.H1626
pubmed: 8897960
Schroder K, Zhang M, Benkhoff S et al (2012) Nox4 is a protective reactive oxygen species generating vascular NADPH oxidase. Circ Res 110(9):1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.267054
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.267054
pubmed: 22456182
Herring N, Tapoulal N, Kalla M et al (2019) Neuropeptide-Y causes coronary microvascular constriction and is associated with reduced ejection fraction following ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 40(24):1920–1929. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz115
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz115
pubmed: 30859228
pmcid: 6588241
Alex L, Frangogiannis NG (2019) Pericytes in the infarcted heart. Vasc Biol 1(1):H23–H31. https://doi.org/10.1530/VB-19-0007
doi: 10.1530/VB-19-0007
pubmed: 32923950
pmcid: 7439839
Simonavicius N, Ashenden M, van Weverwijk A et al (2012) Pericytes promote selective vessel regression to regulate vascular patterning. Blood 120(7):1516–1527. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-01-332338
doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-332338
pubmed: 22740442
O’Farrell FM, Mastitskaya S, Hammond-Haley M et al (2017) Capillary pericytes mediate coronary no-reflow after myocardial ischaemia. Elife. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29280
doi: 10.7554/eLife.29280
pubmed: 29120327
pmcid: 5705208
Shi Y, Hu G, Su J et al (2010) Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression and tissue repair. Cell Res 20(5):510–518. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2010.44
doi: 10.1038/cr.2010.44
pubmed: 20368733
Stark K, Eckart A, Haidari S et al (2013) Capillary and arteriolar pericytes attract innate leukocytes exiting through venules and “instruct” them with pattern-recognition and motility programs. Nat Immunol 14(1):41–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2477
doi: 10.1038/ni.2477
pubmed: 23179077
Deckelbaum RA, Lobov IB, Cheung E et al (2020) The potassium channel Kcne3 is a VEGFA-inducible gene selectively expressed by vascular endothelial tip cells. Angiogenesis 23(2):179–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-019-09696-8
doi: 10.1007/s10456-019-09696-8
pubmed: 31754927
Bazzoni G, Dejana E (2004) Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: molecular organization and role in vascular homeostasis. Physiol Rev 84(3):869–901. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00035.2003
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2003
pubmed: 15269339
Pohl U (2020) Connexins: key players in the control of vascular plasticity and function. Physiol Rev 100(2):525–572. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00010.2019
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2019
pubmed: 31939708
Abbott NJ, Ronnback L, Hansson E (2006) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(1):41–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1824
doi: 10.1038/nrn1824
pubmed: 16371949
Strauss RE, Gourdie RG (2020) Cx43 and the actin cytoskeleton: novel roles and implications for cell-cell junction-based barrier function regulation. Biomolecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121656
doi: 10.3390/biom10121656
pubmed: 33321985
pmcid: 7764618
Yuan SY, Wu MH, Ustinova EE et al (2002) Myosin light chain phosphorylation in neutrophil-stimulated coronary microvascular leakage. Circ Res 90(11):1214–1221. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.0000020402.73609.f1
doi: 10.1161/01.res.0000020402.73609.f1
pubmed: 12065325
Shen Q, Rigor RR, Pivetti CD et al (2010) Myosin light chain kinase in microvascular endothelial barrier function. Cardiovasc Res 87(2):272–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvq144
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvq144
pubmed: 20479130
pmcid: 2895546
Huang H, He J, Johnson D et al (2015) Deletion of placental growth factor prevents diabetic retinopathy and is associated with Akt activation and HIF1alpha-VEGF pathway inhibition. Diabetes 64(1):200–212. https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-0016
doi: 10.2337/db14-0016
pubmed: 25187372
Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Hollinger LA et al (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumors. J Biol Chem 274(33):23463–23467. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.33.23463
doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.33.23463
pubmed: 10438525
Wang W, Lo ACY (2018) Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and treatments. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061816
doi: 10.3390/ijms19061816
pubmed: 30597963
pmcid: 6337580
Hilbert T, Klaschik S (2015) The angiopoietin/TIE receptor system: focusing its role for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 26(3):281–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.013
doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.013
pubmed: 25466648
Zhang Y, Kontos CD, Annex BH et al (2019) Angiopoietin-tie signaling pathway in endothelial cells: a computational model. iScience 20:497–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.006
doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.006
pubmed: 31655061
pmcid: 6806670
Patel JV, Lim HS, Varughese GI et al (2008) Angiopoietin-2 levels as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension. Ann Med 40(3):215–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890701779586
doi: 10.1080/07853890701779586
pubmed: 18382887
Rangasamy S, Srinivasan R, Maestas J et al (2011) A potential role for angiopoietin 2 in the regulation of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(6):3784–3791. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6386
doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-6386
pubmed: 21310918
pmcid: 3109054
Raza Z, Saleem U, Naureen Z (2020) Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 149:106436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106436
doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106436
pubmed: 32173486
Wilkerson BA (2014) The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in endothelial barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1841(10):1403–1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.012
doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.012
pubmed: 25009123
pmcid: 4169319
Morel S, Christoffersen C, Axelsen LN et al (2016) Sphingosine-1-phosphate reduces ischaemia-reperfusion injury by phosphorylating the gap junction protein Connexin43. Cardiovasc Res 109(3):385–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvw004
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw004
pubmed: 26762268
pmcid: 4752044
Alarcon-Martinez L, Villafranca-Baughman D, Quintero H et al (2020) Interpericyte tunnelling nanotubes regulate neurovascular coupling. Nature 585(7823):91–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2589-x
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2589-x
pubmed: 32788726
Rodrigues SF, Granger DN (2010) Role of blood cells in ischaemia-reperfusion induced endothelial barrier failure. Cardiovasc Res 87(2):291–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvq090
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvq090
pubmed: 20299333
pmcid: 2895540
Dorge H, Neumann T, Behrends M et al (2000) Perfusion-contraction mismatch with coronary microvascular obstruction: role of inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279(6):H2587-2592. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2587
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2587
pubmed: 11087208
Giordano G, Napolitano M, Cellurale M et al (2022) Circulating endothelial cell levels correlate with treatment outcomes of splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Pers Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12030364
doi: 10.3390/jpm12030364
pubmed: 36556290
pmcid: 9781311
Damani S, Bacconi A, Libiger O et al (2012) Characterization of circulating endothelial cells in acute myocardial infarction. Sci Transl Med 4(126):126ea133. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003451
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003451
Chen CW, Wang LL, Zaman S et al (2018) Sustained release of endothelial progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles from shear-thinning hydrogels improves angiogenesis and promotes function after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 114(7):1029–1040. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy067
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvy067
pubmed: 29566124
pmcid: 5967544
Ridger VC, Boulanger CM, Angelillo-Scherrer A et al (2017) Microvesicles in vascular homeostasis and diseases. Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology. Thromb Haemost 117(7):1296–1316. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH16-12-0943
doi: 10.1160/TH16-12-0943
pubmed: 28569921
Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wu Y et al (2020) Synergistic effects of EMPs and PMPs on pulmonary vascular leakage and lung injury after ischemia/reperfusion. Cell Commun Signal 18(1):184. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-020-00672-0
doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-00672-0
pubmed: 33225929
pmcid: 7682096
Li F, Liu D, Liu M et al (2022) Tregs biomimetic nanoparticle to reprogram inflammatory and redox microenvironment in infarct tissue to treat myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 20(1):251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01445-2
doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01445-2
pubmed: 35659239
pmcid: 9164893
Kloner RA, Giacomelli F, Alker KJ et al (1991) Influx of neutrophils into the walls of large epicardial coronary arteries in response to ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 84(4):1758–1772. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1758
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1758
pubmed: 1914113
Ge L, Zhou X, Ji WJ et al (2015) Neutrophil extracellular traps in ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced myocardial no-reflow: therapeutic potential of DNase-based reperfusion strategy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 308(5):H500-509. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00381.2014
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00381.2014
pubmed: 25527775
Coenen DM, Mastenbroek TG, Cosemans J (2017) Platelet interaction with activated endothelium: mechanistic insights from microfluidics. Blood 130(26):2819–2828. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-04-780825
doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-780825
pubmed: 29018081
Schanze N, Bode C, Duerschmied D (2019) Platelet contributions to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Immunol 10:1260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01260
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01260
pubmed: 31244834
pmcid: 6562336
Konijnenberg LSF, Damman P, Duncker DJ et al (2020) Pathophysiology and diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 116(4):787–805. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvz301
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvz301
pubmed: 31710673
Rasola A, Bernardi P (2011) Mitochondrial permeability transition in Ca(2+)-dependent apoptosis and necrosis. Cell Calcium 50(3):222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2011.04.007
doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.04.007
pubmed: 21601280
Orrenius S, Gogvadze V, Zhivotovsky B (2015) Calcium and mitochondria in the regulation of cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 460(1):72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.137
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.137
pubmed: 25998735
Li C, Ma Q, Toan S et al (2020) SERCA overexpression reduces reperfusion-mediated cardiac microvascular damage through inhibition of the calcium/MCU/mPTP/necroptosis signaling pathways. Redox Biol 36:101659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101659
doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101659
pubmed: 32738788
pmcid: 7395441
Alevriadou BR, Patel A, Noble M et al (2021) Molecular nature and physiological role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 320(4):C465–C482. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00502.2020
doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00502.2020
pubmed: 33296287
Tanwar J, Singh JB, Motiani RK (2021) Molecular machinery regulating mitochondrial calcium levels: the nuts and bolts of mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Mitochondrion 57:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.001
doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.001
pubmed: 33316420
Raffaello A, De Stefani D, Sabbadin D et al (2013) The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a multimer that can include a dominant-negative pore-forming subunit. EMBO J 32(17):2362–2376. https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2013.157
doi: 10.1038/emboj.2013.157
pubmed: 23900286
pmcid: 3771344
Wu L, Tan JL, Chen ZY et al (2019) Cardioprotection of post-ischemic moderate ROS against ischemia/reperfusion via STAT3-induced the inhibition of MCU opening. Basic Res Cardiol 114(5):39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-019-0747-9
doi: 10.1007/s00395-019-0747-9
pubmed: 31463567
Gambardella J, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G et al (2018) New insights in cardiac calcium handling and excitation-contraction coupling. Adv Exp Med Biol 1067:373–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2017_106
doi: 10.1007/5584_2017_106
pubmed: 28956314
pmcid: 5889357
Gwathmey JK, Yerevanian AI, Hajjar RJ (2011) Cardiac gene therapy with SERCA2a: from bench to bedside. J Mol Cell Cardiol 50(5):803–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.11.011
doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.11.011
pubmed: 21093451
Periasamy M, Kalyanasundaram A (2007) SERCA pump isoforms: their role in calcium transport and disease. Muscle Nerve 35(4):430–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20745
doi: 10.1002/mus.20745
pubmed: 17286271
Chen L, Sun Q, Zhou D et al (2017) HINT2 triggers mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx by regulating the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU) complex and enhances gemcitabine apoptotic effect in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 411:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.020
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.020
pubmed: 28947137
Walter P, Ron D (2011) The unfolded protein response: from stress pathway to homeostatic regulation. Science 334(6059):1081–1086. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209038
doi: 10.1126/science.1209038
pubmed: 22116877
Nie X, Tang W, Zhang Z et al (2020) Procyanidin B2 mitigates endothelial endoplasmic reticulum stress through a PPARdelta-Dependent mechanism. Redox Biol 37:101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101728
doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101728
pubmed: 32961442
pmcid: 7509074
Battson ML, Lee DM, Gentile CL (2017) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the development of endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 312(3):H355–H367. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00437.2016
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00437.2016
pubmed: 27923788
Cao SS, Kaufman RJ (2014) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in cell fate decision and human disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 21(3):396–413. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2014.5851
doi: 10.1089/ars.2014.5851
pubmed: 24702237
pmcid: 4076992
Rizzuto R, De Stefani D, Raffaello A et al (2012) Mitochondria as sensors and regulators of calcium signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13(9):566–578. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3412
doi: 10.1038/nrm3412
pubmed: 22850819
Rainbolt TK, Saunders JM, Wiseman RL (2014) Stress-responsive regulation of mitochondria through the ER unfolded protein response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 25(10):528–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.007
doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.007
pubmed: 25048297
He X, Bi XY, Lu XZ et al (2015) Reduction of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions by acetylcholine protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 35(7):1623–1634. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305469
doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305469
pubmed: 25977565
Kirkman DL, Robinson AT, Rossman MJ et al (2021) Mitochondrial contributions to vascular endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 320(5):H2080–H2100. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00917.2020
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00917.2020
pubmed: 33834868
pmcid: 8163660
Daiber A, Andreadou I, Oelze M et al (2021) Discovery of new therapeutic redox targets for cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure. Free Radic Biol Med 163:325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.026
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.026
pubmed: 33359685
Jiang X, Wu D, Jiang Z et al (2021) Protective effect of nicorandil on cardiac microvascular injury: role of mitochondrial integrity. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021:4665632. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4665632
doi: 10.1155/2021/4665632
pubmed: 34285763
pmcid: 8275446
Maier-Begandt D, Comstra HS, Molina SA et al (2021) A venous-specific purinergic signaling cascade initiated by Pannexin 1 regulates TNFalpha-induced increases in endothelial permeability. Sci Signal. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aba2940
doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aba2940
pubmed: 33653920
pmcid: 8011850
Zhou H, Hu S, Jin Q et al (2017) Mff-dependent mitochondrial fission contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiac microvasculature ischemia/reperfusion injury via induction of mROS-mediated cardiolipin oxidation and HK2/VDAC1 disassociation-involved mPTP opening. J Am Heart Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.005328
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.005328
pubmed: 29051216
pmcid: 5721870
Kalia R, Wang RY, Yusuf A et al (2018) Structural basis of mitochondrial receptor binding and constriction by DRP1. Nature 558(7710):401–405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0211-2
doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0211-2
pubmed: 29899447
pmcid: 6120343
Kraus F, Roy K, Pucadyil TJ et al (2021) Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission. Nature 590(7844):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03214-x
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03214-x
pubmed: 33536648
Yu Y, Peng XD, Qian XJ et al (2021) Fis1 phosphorylation by Met promotes mitochondrial fission and hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6(1):401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00790-2
doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00790-2
pubmed: 34848680
pmcid: 8632923
Chen Y, Li S, Zhang Y et al (2021) The lncRNA Malat1 regulates microvascular function after myocardial infarction in mice via miR-26b-5p/Mfn1 axis-mediated mitochondrial dynamics. Redox Biol 41:101910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.101910
doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101910
pubmed: 33667993
pmcid: 7937833
Depoix CL, Colson A, Hubinont C et al (2020) Impaired vascular endothelial growth factor expression and secretion during in vitro differentiation of human primary term cytotrophoblasts. Angiogenesis 23(2):221–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-019-09702-z
doi: 10.1007/s10456-019-09702-z
pubmed: 31894427
Damico R, Zulueta JJ, Hassoun PM (2012) Pulmonary endothelial cell NOX. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 47(2):129–139. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2010-0331RT
doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0331RT
pubmed: 22499852
pmcid: 5460906
Heusch G, Boengler K, Schulz R (2010) Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening: the Holy Grail of cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 105(2):151–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-009-0080-9
doi: 10.1007/s00395-009-0080-9
pubmed: 20066536
Zhou H, Shi C, Hu S et al (2018) BI1 is associated with microvascular protection in cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury via repressing Syk-Nox2-Drp1-mitochondrial fission pathways. Angiogenesis 21(3):599–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-018-9611-z
doi: 10.1007/s10456-018-9611-z
pubmed: 29623489
Zhou H, Wang J, Zhu P et al (2018) Ripk3 regulates cardiac microvascular reperfusion injury: The role of IP3R-dependent calcium overload, XO-mediated oxidative stress and F-action/filopodia-based cellular migration. Cell Signal 45:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.020
doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.020
pubmed: 29413844
Zhou H, Wang J, Zhu P et al (2018) NR4A1 aggravates the cardiac microvascular ischemia reperfusion injury through suppressing FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy and promoting Mff-required mitochondrial fission by CK2alpha. Basic Res Cardiol 113(4):23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-018-0682-1
doi: 10.1007/s00395-018-0682-1
pubmed: 29744594
Kwong JQ, Davis J, Baines CP et al (2014) Genetic deletion of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier desensitizes the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and causes cardiomyopathy. Cell Death Differ 21(8):1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2014.36
doi: 10.1038/cdd.2014.36
pubmed: 24658400
pmcid: 4085527
Zhu H, Toan S, Mui D et al (2021) Mitochondrial quality surveillance as a therapeutic target in myocardial infarction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 231(3):e13590. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13590
doi: 10.1111/apha.13590
pubmed: 33270362
Zhou H, Ren J, Toan S et al (2021) Role of mitochondrial quality surveillance in myocardial infarction: From bench to bedside. Ageing Res Rev 66:101250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101250
doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101250
pubmed: 33388396
Song Y, Xing H, He Y et al (2021) Inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species improves coronary endothelial function after cardioplegic hypoxia/reoxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.06.029
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.06.029
pubmed: 34531042
pmcid: 8710187
Chen Y, Liu C, Zhou P et al (2021) Coronary Endothelium No-Reflow Injury Is Associated with ROS-Modified Mitochondrial Fission through the JNK-Drp1 Signaling Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021:6699516. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699516
doi: 10.1155/2021/6699516
pubmed: 33613824
pmcid: 7878075
Ribeiro LF, Catarino T, Carvalho M et al (2021) Ligand-independent activity of the ghrelin receptor modulates AMPA receptor trafficking and supports memory formation. Sci Signal. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.abb1953
doi: 10.1126/scisignal.abb1953
pubmed: 33593997
Skyschally A, Amanakis G, Neuhauser M et al (2017) Impact of electrical defibrillation on infarct size and no-reflow in pigs subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without and with ischemic conditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 313(5):H871–H878. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00293.2017
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00293.2017
pubmed: 28778913
Chang X, Li Y, Cai C et al (2022) Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as molecular targets in diabetic heart. Metabolism 137:155313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155313
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155313
pubmed: 36126721
Jin H, Zhu Y, Li Y et al (2019) BDNF-mediated mitophagy alleviates high-glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell injury. Apoptosis 24(5–6):511–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-019-01535-x
doi: 10.1007/s10495-019-01535-x
pubmed: 30877409
Zheng J, Lu C (2020) Oxidized LDL Causes Endothelial Apoptosis by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Fusion and Mitochondria Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:600950. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.600950
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600950
pubmed: 33262989
pmcid: 7686653
Sun L, Hao Y, An R et al (2014) Overexpression of Rcan1–1L inhibits hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis through induction of mitophagy. Mol Cells 37(11):785–794. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2014.0103
doi: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0103
pubmed: 25377251
pmcid: 4255098
Zhou H, Zhang Y, Hu S et al (2017) Melatonin protects cardiac microvasculature against ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of mitochondrial fission-VDAC1-HK2-mPTP-mitophagy axis. J Pineal Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12413
doi: 10.1111/jpi.12413
pubmed: 28981157
pmcid: 5518188
Bravo-San Pedro JM, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L (2017) Autophagy and mitophagy in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 120(11):1812–1824. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311082
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311082
pubmed: 28546358
Battistutta R, Lolli G (2011) Structural and functional determinants of protein kinase CK2alpha: facts and open questions. Mol Cell Biochem 356(1–2):67–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-011-0939-6
doi: 10.1007/s11010-011-0939-6
pubmed: 21739155
Chen G, Han Z, Feng D et al (2014) A regulatory signaling loop comprising the PGAM5 phosphatase and CK2 controls receptor-mediated mitophagy. Mol Cell 54(3):362–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.034
doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.034
pubmed: 24746696
Zhou H, Zhu P, Wang J et al (2018) Pathogenesis of cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury is associated with CK2alpha-disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis via suppression of FUNDC1-related mitophagy. Cell Death Differ 25(6):1080–1093. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-018-0086-7
doi: 10.1038/s41418-018-0086-7
pubmed: 29540794
pmcid: 5988750
Gao XM, Su Y, Moore S et al (2019) Relaxin mitigates microvascular damage and inflammation following cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 114(4):30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-019-0739-9
doi: 10.1007/s00395-019-0739-9
pubmed: 31218471
Gao XM, Wang BH, Woodcock E et al (2000) Expression of active alpha(1B)-adrenergic receptors in the heart does not alleviate ischemic reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32(9):1679–1686. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.2000.1201
doi: 10.1006/jmcc.2000.1201
pubmed: 10966830
Gao XM, Liu Y, White D et al (2011) Deletion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects the heart from severe ischemia-reperfusion injury: a predominant role of anti-inflammation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 50(6):991–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.12.022
doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.12.022
pubmed: 21215754
Gao XM, Moore XL, Liu Y et al (2016) Splenic release of platelets contributes to increased circulating platelet size and inflammation after myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 130(13):1089–1104. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20160234
doi: 10.1042/CS20160234
pubmed: 27129192
McLaughlin MG, Stone GW, Aymong E et al (2004) Prognostic utility of comparative methods for assessment of ST-segment resolution after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(6):1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.053
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.053
pubmed: 15364322
Karamasis GV, Russhard P, Al Janabi F et al (2018) Peri-procedural ST segment resolution during Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PPCI) for acute myocardial infarction: predictors and clinical consequences. J Electrocardiol 51(2):224–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.09.011
doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.09.011
pubmed: 29108788
Bethke A, Halvorsen S, Bohmer E et al (2015) Myocardial perfusion grade predicts final infarct size and left ventricular function in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with a pharmaco-invasive strategy (thrombolysis and early angioplasty). EuroIntervention 11(5):518–524. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJY15M04_02
doi: 10.4244/EIJY15M04_02
pubmed: 25868877
Roubille F, Mewton N, Elbaz M et al (2014) No post-conditioning in the human heart with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 2–3 on admission. Eur Heart J 35(25):1675–1682. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu054
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu054
pubmed: 24585265
Moroni F, Azzalini L, Caixeta A et al (2022) TIMI flow and myocardial blushing after rescue PCI and cardiac magnetic resonance: results from the Myocardial Salvage After Rescue Angioplasty: Evaluation by Magnetic Resonance (SAVE-ME) study. Int J Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.08.014
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.08.014
pubmed: 36455702
pmcid: 8915449
Ellis SG, Topol EJ, Gallison L et al (1988) Predictors of success for coronary angioplasty performed for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 12(6):1407–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(88)80003-2
doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(88)80003-2
pubmed: 2973481
Ge H, Ding S, An D et al (2016) Frame counting improves the assessment of post-reperfusion microvascular patency by TIMI myocardial perfusion grade: evidence from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol 203:360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.194
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.194
pubmed: 26539957
Bailleul C, Aissaoui N, Cayla G et al (2018) Prognostic impact of prepercutaneous coronary intervention TIMI flow in patients with ST-segment and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Results from the FAST-MI 2010 registry. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 111(2):101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2017.04.004
doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2017.04.004
pubmed: 28939193
Joost A, Stiermaier T, Eitel C et al (2016) Impact of initial culprit vessel flow on infarct size, microvascular obstruction, and myocardial salvage in acute reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 118(9):1316–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.07.056
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.07.056
pubmed: 27600465
Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL et al (1996) TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation 93(5):879–888. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.93.5.879
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.93.5.879
pubmed: 8598078
Jiang L, Yao H, Liang ZG (2017) Postoperative assessment of myocardial function and microcirculation in patients with acute coronary syndrome by myocardial contrast echocardiography. Med Sci Monit 23:2324–2332. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.901233
doi: 10.12659/msm.901233
pubmed: 28514327
pmcid: 5443357
Verkaik M, van Poelgeest EM, Kwekkeboom RFJ et al (2018) Myocardial contrast echocardiography in mice: technical and physiological aspects. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 314(3):H381–H391. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00242.2017
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00242.2017
pubmed: 29101165
Aggarwal S, Xie F, High R et al (2018) Prevalence and predictive value of microvascular flow abnormalities after successful contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 31(6):674–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2018.01.009
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.01.009
pubmed: 29525249
Greaves K, Dixon SR, Fejka M et al (2003) Myocardial contrast echocardiography is superior to other known modalities for assessing myocardial reperfusion after acute myocardial infarction. Heart 89(2):139–144. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.2.139
doi: 10.1136/heart.89.2.139
pubmed: 12527661
pmcid: 1767552
Reinstadler SJ, Thiele H, Eitel I (2015) Risk stratification by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Curr Opin Cardiol 30(6):681–689. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000227
doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000227
pubmed: 26398412
Stiermaier T, Jobs A, de Waha S et al (2017) Optimized prognosis assessment in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction using a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging risk score. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006774
doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006774
pubmed: 29122844
Eitel I, de Waha S, Wohrle J et al (2014) Comprehensive prognosis assessment by CMR imaging after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(12):1217–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1194
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1194
pubmed: 25236513
Zhou D, Xu J, Zhao S et al (2020) CMR publications from China of the last more than 30 years. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 36(9):1737–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-020-01873-x
doi: 10.1007/s10554-020-01873-x
pubmed: 32394180
Perazzolo Marra M, Lima JA, Iliceto S (2011) MRI in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 32(3):284–293. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq409
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq409
pubmed: 21112897
Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V et al (2002) Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 105(4):539–542. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0402.102975
doi: 10.1161/hc0402.102975
pubmed: 11815441
Higgins CB, Herfkens R, Lipton MJ et al (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. Am J Cardiol 52(1):184–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(83)90093-0
doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90093-0
pubmed: 6858909
Aletras AH, Tilak GS, Natanzon A et al (2006) Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 113(15):1865–1870. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.576025
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.576025
pubmed: 16606793
Simonetti OP, Finn JP, White RD et al (1996) “Black blood” T2-weighted inversion-recovery MR imaging of the heart. Radiology 199(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.199.1.8633172
doi: 10.1148/radiology.199.1.8633172
pubmed: 8633172
Friedrich MG, Abdel-Aty H, Taylor A et al (2008) The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(16):1581–1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.019
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.019
pubmed: 18420102
Reinstadler SJ, Stiermaier T, Fuernau G et al (2016) The challenges and impact of microvascular injury in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 14(4):431–443. https://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.2016.1135055
doi: 10.1586/14779072.2016.1135055
pubmed: 26794717
Shin JM, Choi EY, Park CH et al (2020) Quantitative T1 mapping for detecting microvascular obstruction in reperfused acute myocardial infarction: comparison with late gadolinium enhancement imaging. Korean J Radiol 21(8):978–986. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2019.0736
doi: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0736
pubmed: 32677382
pmcid: 7369203
Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS et al (2001) An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 218(1):215–223. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.218.1.r01ja50215
doi: 10.1148/radiology.218.1.r01ja50215
pubmed: 11152805
Dastidar AG, Harries I, Pontecorboli G et al (2019) Native T1 mapping to detect extent of acute and chronic myocardial infarction: comparison with late gadolinium enhancement technique. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 35(3):517–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-018-1467-1
doi: 10.1007/s10554-018-1467-1
pubmed: 30357547
Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Arai M et al (1995) Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts. Circulation 92(7):1902–1910. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.7.1902
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.7.1902
pubmed: 7671375
Ibrahim T, Nekolla SG, Hornke M et al (2005) Quantitative measurement of infarct size by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging early after acute myocardial infarction: comparison with single-photon emission tomography using Tc99m-sestamibi. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(4):544–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.058
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.058
pubmed: 15708702
Kirschner R, Varga-Szemes A, Brott BC et al (2011) Quantification of myocardial viability distribution with Gd(DTPA) bolus-enhanced, signal intensity-based percent infarct mapping. Magn Reson Imaging 29(5):650–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2011.02.010
doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.02.010
pubmed: 21546192
pmcid: 3131177
McAlindon E, Pufulete M, Lawton C et al (2015) Quantification of infarct size and myocardium at risk: evaluation of different techniques and its implications. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16(7):738–746. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev001
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev001
pubmed: 25736308
pmcid: 4463003
Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H et al (2016) Relationship between infarct size and outcomes following primary PCI: patient-level analysis from 10 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(14):1674–1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.069
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.069
pubmed: 27056772
Wu KC, Kim RJ, Bluemke DA et al (1998) Quantification and time course of microvascular obstruction by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(6):1756–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00429-x
doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00429-x
pubmed: 9822106
Bulluck H, Dharmakumar R, Arai AE et al (2018) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: recent advances, controversies, and future directions. Circulation 137(18):1949–1964. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030693
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030693
pubmed: 29712696
pmcid: 5933067
Lima JA, Judd RM, Bazille A et al (1995) Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms. Circulation 92(5):1117–1125. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.5.1117
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.5.1117
pubmed: 7648655
Hombach V, Grebe O, Merkle N et al (2005) Sequelae of acute myocardial infarction regarding cardiac structure and function and their prognostic significance as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 26(6):549–557. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi147
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi147
pubmed: 15713695
Garcia-Dorado D, Oliveras J, Gili J et al (1993) Analysis of myocardial oedema by magnetic resonance imaging early after coronary artery occlusion with or without reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 27(8):1462–1469. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.8.1462
doi: 10.1093/cvr/27.8.1462
pubmed: 8297415
Boxt LM, Hsu D, Katz J et al (1993) Estimation of myocardial water content using transverse relaxation time from dual spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 11(3):375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(93)90070-t
doi: 10.1016/0730-725x(93)90070-t
pubmed: 8505871
Robbers LF, Eerenberg ES, Teunissen PF et al (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging-defined areas of microvascular obstruction after acute myocardial infarction represent microvascular destruction and haemorrhage. Eur Heart J 34(30):2346–2353. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht100
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht100
pubmed: 23594591
O’Regan DP, Ahmed R, Karunanithy N et al (2009) Reperfusion hemorrhage following acute myocardial infarction: assessment with T2* mapping and effect on measuring the area at risk. Radiology 250(3):916–922. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503081154
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2503081154
pubmed: 19164125
Walsh SR, Tang TY, Kullar P et al (2008) Ischaemic preconditioning during cardiac surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative outcomes in randomised clinical trials. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34(5):985–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.062
doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.062
pubmed: 18783958
Heusch G (2015) Molecular basis of cardioprotection: signal transduction in ischemic pre-, post-, and remote conditioning. Circ Res 116(4):674–699. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305348
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305348
pubmed: 25677517
Liu J, Gu Y, Guo M et al (2021) Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning on neurological diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 27(8):869–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13642
doi: 10.1111/cns.13642
pubmed: 34237192
pmcid: 8265941
Wever KE, Menting TP, Rovers M et al (2012) Ischemic preconditioning in the animal kidney, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 7(2):e32296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032296
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032296
pubmed: 22389693
pmcid: 3289650
Lee JH, You HJ, Lee TY et al (2022) Current status of experimental animal skin flap models: ischemic preconditioning and molecular factors. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095234
doi: 10.3390/ijms23095234
pubmed: 36614165
pmcid: 9821412
Ruze A, Chen BD, Liu F et al (2019) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays an essential role in ischemic preconditioning-mediated cardioprotection. Clin Sci (Lond) 133(5):665–680. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20181013
doi: 10.1042/CS20181013
pubmed: 30804219
Cutrn JC, Perrelli MG, Cavalieri B et al (2002) Microvascular dysfunction induced by reperfusion injury and protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Free Radic Biol Med 33(9):1200–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01017-1
doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01017-1
pubmed: 12398928
Lin WY, Chang YC, Ho CJ et al (2013) Ischemic preconditioning reduces neurovascular damage after hypoxia-ischemia via the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 in neonatal brain. Stroke 44(1):162–169. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.677617
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.677617
pubmed: 23192759
Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME et al (2003) Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285(2):H579-588. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01064.2002
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01064.2002
pubmed: 12860564
You J, Feng L, Xin M et al (2018) Cerebral ischemic postconditioning plays a neuroprotective role through regulation of central and peripheral glutamate. Biomed Res Int 2018:6316059. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6316059
doi: 10.1155/2018/6316059
pubmed: 30112410
pmcid: 6077516
Guo L, Xu JM, Mo XY (2015) Ischemic postconditioning regulates cardiomyocyte autophagic activity following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 12(1):1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3533
doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3533
pubmed: 25816157
Dong M, Mu N, Guo F et al (2014) The beneficial effects of postconditioning on no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 38(2):208–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-013-1010-0
doi: 10.1007/s11239-013-1010-0
pubmed: 24249309
Li CY, Ma W, Liu KP et al (2021) Advances in intervention methods and brain protection mechanisms of in situ and remote ischemic postconditioning. Metab Brain Dis 36(1):53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-020-00562-x
doi: 10.1007/s11011-020-00562-x
pubmed: 33044640
Liu C, Yang J, Zhang C et al (2020) Remote ischemic conditioning reduced cerebral ischemic injury by modulating inflammatory responses and ERK activity in type 2 diabetic mice. Neurochem Int 135:104690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104690
doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104690
pubmed: 31981607
Zhou CC, Yao WT, Ge YZ et al (2017) Remote ischemic conditioning for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing intravascular contrast administration: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. Oncotarget 8(45):79323–79336. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18106
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18106
pubmed: 29108311
pmcid: 5668044
Min F, Jia XJ, Gao Q et al (2020) Remote ischemic post-conditioning protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the Rho-kinase signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 19(1):99–106. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.8176
doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.8176
pubmed: 31853278
Sluijter JPG, Davidson SM, Boulanger CM et al (2018) Extracellular vesicles in diagnostics and therapy of the ischaemic heart: position paper from the Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res 114(1):19–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvx211
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx211
pubmed: 29106545
Loyer X, Vion AC, Tedgui A et al (2014) Microvesicles as cell-cell messengers in cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res 114(2):345–353. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300858
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300858
pubmed: 24436430
Boulanger CM, Scoazec A, Ebrahimian T et al (2001) Circulating microparticles from patients with myocardial infarction cause endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 104(22):2649–2652. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc4701.100516
doi: 10.1161/hc4701.100516
pubmed: 11723013
Porto I, Biasucci LM, De Maria GL et al (2012) Intracoronary microparticles and microvascular obstruction in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous intervention. Eur Heart J 33(23):2928–2938. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs065
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs065
pubmed: 22453653
Baranyai T, Giricz Z, Varga ZV et al (2017) In vivo MRI and ex vivo histological assessment of the cardioprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning in a closed-chest porcine model of reperfused acute myocardial infarction: importance of microvasculature. J Transl Med 15(1):67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1166-z
doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1166-z
pubmed: 28364777
pmcid: 5376486
White SK, Frohlich GM, Sado DM et al (2015) Remote ischemic conditioning reduces myocardial infarct size and edema in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 8(1 Pt B):178–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2014.05.015
doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.05.015
pubmed: 25240548
Eitel I, Stiermaier T, Rommel KP et al (2015) Cardioprotection by combined intrahospital remote ischaemic perconditioning and postconditioning in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the randomized LIPSIA CONDITIONING trial. Eur Heart J 36(44):3049–3057. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv463
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv463
pubmed: 26385956
Goerg J, Sommerfeld M, Greiner B et al (2021) Low-Dose empagliflozin improves systolic heart function after myocardial infarction in rats: regulation of MMP9, NHE1, and SERCA2a. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115437
doi: 10.3390/ijms22115437
pubmed: 34063987
pmcid: 8196699
Wright EM, Loo DD, Hirayama BA (2011) Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol Rev 91(2):733–794. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00055.2009
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2009
pubmed: 21527736
Sinha B, Ghosal S (2019) Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) reduce hospitalization for heart failure only and have no effect on atherosclerotic cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Ther 10(3):891–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-0597-3
doi: 10.1007/s13300-019-0597-3
pubmed: 30875065
pmcid: 6531596
Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V et al (2018) Canagliflozin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: results from the CANVAS Program (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study). Circulation 137(4):323–334. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032038
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032038
pubmed: 29133604
pmcid: 5777572
Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP et al (2019) Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 380(4):347–357. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
pubmed: 30415602
Norhammar A, Bodegard J, Nystrom T et al (2019) Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular mortality and disease outcomes in a population with type 2 diabetes similar to that of the DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial: a nationwide observational study. Diabetes Obes Metab 21(5):1136–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13627
doi: 10.1111/dom.13627
pubmed: 30609272
pmcid: 6593417
Fathi A, Vickneson K, Singh JS (2021) SGLT2-inhibitors; more than just glycosuria and diuresis. Heart Fail Rev 26(3):623–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-10038-w
doi: 10.1007/s10741-020-10038-w
pubmed: 33274396
Ceriello A, Ofstad AP, Zwiener I et al (2020) Empagliflozin reduced long-term HbA1c variability and cardiovascular death: insights from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 19(1):176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01147-9
doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01147-9
pubmed: 33050931
pmcid: 7556977
Park SH, Belcastro E, Hasan H et al (2021) Angiotensin II-induced upregulation of SGLT1 and 2 contributes to human microparticle-stimulated endothelial senescence and dysfunction: protective effect of gliflozins. Cardiovasc Diabetol 20(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01252-3
doi: 10.1186/s12933-021-01252-3
pubmed: 33726768
pmcid: 7967961
Ma L, Zou R, Shi W et al (2022) SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin reduces endothelial dysfunction and microvascular damage during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through normalizing the XO-SERCA2-CaMKII-coffilin pathways. Theranostics 12(11):5034–5050. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.75121
doi: 10.7150/thno.75121
pubmed: 35836807
pmcid: 9274739
Tian J, Zhang M, Suo M et al (2021) Dapagliflozin alleviates cardiac fibrosis through suppressing EndMT and fibroblast activation via AMPKalpha/TGF-beta/Smad signalling in type 2 diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 25(16):7642–7659. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16601
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16601
pubmed: 34169635
pmcid: 8358881
Kolijn D, Pabel S, Tian Y et al (2021) Empagliflozin improves endothelial and cardiomyocyte function in human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction via reduced pro-inflammatory-oxidative pathways and protein kinase Galpha oxidation. Cardiovasc Res 117(2):495–507. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa123
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa123
pubmed: 32396609
Aragon-Herrera A, Feijoo-Bandin S, Anido-Varela L et al (2022) Relaxin-2 as a potential biomarker in cardiovascular diseases. J Pers Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071021
doi: 10.3390/jpm12071021
pubmed: 35887517
pmcid: 9317583
Du XJ, Bathgate RA, Samuel CS et al (2010) Cardiovascular effects of relaxin: from basic science to clinical therapy. Nat Rev Cardiol 7(1):48–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2009.198
doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.198
pubmed: 19935741
Samuel CS, Du XJ, Bathgate RA et al (2006) “Relaxin” the stiffened heart and arteries: the therapeutic potential for relaxin in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 112(2):529–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.05.012
doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.05.012
pubmed: 16814863
Bathgate RA, Halls ML, van der Westhuizen ET et al (2013) Relaxin family peptides and their receptors. Physiol Rev 93(1):405–480. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00001.2012
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2012
pubmed: 23303914
Hsu SY, Nakabayashi K, Nishi S et al (2002) Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science 295(5555):671–674. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065654
doi: 10.1126/science.1065654
pubmed: 11809971
Martin B, Romero G, Salama G (2019) Cardioprotective actions of relaxin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 487:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.016
doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.016
pubmed: 30625345
Pini A, Boccalini G, Baccari MC et al (2016) Protection from cigarette smoke-induced vascular injury by recombinant human relaxin-2 (serelaxin). J Cell Mol Med 20(5):891–902. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12802
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12802
pubmed: 26915460
pmcid: 4831370
Gao S, Li L, Li L et al (2019) Effects of the combination of tanshinone IIA and puerarin on cardiac function and inflammatory response in myocardial ischemia mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 137:59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.012
doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.012
pubmed: 31629735
Uto T, Tung NH, Ohta T et al (2018) Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction by trijuganone C isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen). Phytother Res 32(4):657–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6013
doi: 10.1002/ptr.6013
pubmed: 29464799
Zhou R, He LF, Li YJ et al (2012) Cardioprotective effect of water and ethanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza in an experimental model of myocardial infarction. J Ethnopharmacol 139(2):440–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.030
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.030
pubmed: 22138518
Irmak F, Kurt Yazar S, Sirvan SS et al (2018) Beneficial effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza in the healing of burn wounds: an experimental study in rats. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 52(4):229–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/2000656X.2018.1461631
doi: 10.1080/2000656X.2018.1461631
pubmed: 29656662
Fei YX, Wang SQ, Yang LJ et al (2017) Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) extract attenuates permanent cerebral ischemia through inhibiting platelet activation in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 207:57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.023
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.023
pubmed: 28645780
Guo R, Li L, Su J et al (2020) Pharmacological activity and mechanism of tanshinone IIA in related diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther 14:4735–4748. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S266911
doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S266911
pubmed: 33192051
pmcid: 7653026
Hung YC, Pan TL, Hu WL (2016) Roles of reactive oxygen species in anticancer therapy with Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:5293284. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5293284
doi: 10.1155/2016/5293284
pubmed: 27579153
pmcid: 4989081
Chen L, Guo QH, Chang Y et al (2017) Tanshinone IIA ameliorated endothelial dysfunction in rats with chronic intermittent hypoxia. Cardiovasc Pathol 31:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2017.06.008
doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2017.06.008
pubmed: 28985491
Mo J, Yang R, Li F et al (2018) Scutellarin protects against vascular endothelial dysfunction and prevents atherosclerosis via antioxidation. Phytomedicine 42:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.021
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.021
pubmed: 29655699
Xi J, Rong Y, Zhao Z et al (2021) Scutellarin ameliorates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cells injury by activating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. J Ethnopharmacol 271:113855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113855
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113855
pubmed: 33485979
Mondal NK, Behera J, Kelly KE et al (2019) Tetrahydrocurcumin epigenetically mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction in brain vasculature during ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 122:120–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.015
doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.015
pubmed: 30472160
Vacek JC, Behera J, George AK et al (2018) Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates homocysteine-mediated mitochondrial remodeling in brain endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 233(4):3080–3092. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26145
doi: 10.1002/jcp.26145
pubmed: 28833102
Duan H, Zhang Q, Liu J et al (2021) Suppression of apoptosis in vascular endothelial cell, the promising way for natural medicines to treat atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 168:105599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105599
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105599
Li MT, Ke J, Guo SF et al (2021) The protective effect of quercetin on endothelial cells injured by hypoxia and reoxygenation. Front Pharmacol 12:732874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.732874
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732874
pubmed: 34744717
pmcid: 8564287
Ahrens I, Peter K (2009) FX-06, a fibrin-derived Bbeta15-42 peptide for the potential treatment of reperfusion injury following myocardial infarction. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 10(9): 997–1003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705343 . Accessed 17 Aug 2023
Petzelbauer P, Zacharowski PA, Miyazaki Y et al (2005) The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta15-42 protects the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Nat Med 11(3):298–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1198
doi: 10.1038/nm1198
pubmed: 15723073
Kim DY, Zhang H, Park S et al (2020) CU06-1004 (endothelial dysfunction blocker) ameliorates astrocyte end-feet swelling by stabilizing endothelial cell junctions in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 98(6):875–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-020-01920-z
doi: 10.1007/s00109-020-01920-z
pubmed: 32415357
Zhang H, Park JH, Maharjan S et al (2017) Sac-1004, a vascular leakage blocker, reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing blood-brain barrier disruption and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 14(1):122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3
doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3
pubmed: 28645333
pmcid: 5481915
Noh M, Kim Y, Zhang H et al (2023) Oral administration of CU06-1004 attenuates vascular permeability and stabilizes neovascularization in retinal vascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 939:175427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175427
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175427
pubmed: 36509133
Park S, Oh JH, Park DJ et al (2020) CU06-1004-induced vascular normalization improves immunotherapy by modulating tumor microenvironment via cytotoxic T cells. Front Immunol 11:620166. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.620166
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620166
pubmed: 33584714
Shen J, Frye M, Lee BL et al (2014) Targeting VE-PTP activates TIE2 and stabilizes the ocular vasculature. J Clin Invest 124(10):4564–4576. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI74527
doi: 10.1172/JCI74527
pubmed: 25180601
pmcid: 4191011
Shi Y, Xiong Y, Lei Y et al (2019) Protective effect of COMP-angiopoietin-1 on peritoneal vascular permeability and peritoneal transport function in uremic peritoneal dialysis rats. Am J Transl Res 11(9): 5932–5943. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31632561 . Accessed 19 Aug 2023
Poirier B, Briand V, Kadereit D et al (2020) A G protein-biased S1P(1) agonist, SAR247799, protects endothelial cells without affecting lymphocyte numbers. Sci Signal. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aax8050
doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aax8050
pubmed: 32487716
Vaidya K, Tucker B, Patel S et al (2021) Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)-unravelling biology to identify new therapies-the microcirculation as a frontier for new therapies in ACS. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092188
doi: 10.3390/cells10092188
pubmed: 34571836
pmcid: 8468909
Matter MA, Paneni F, Libby P et al (2023) Inflammation in acute myocardial infarction: the good, the bad and the ugly. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad486
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad486
pubmed: 37587550
Zhang Y, Wang S, Chen X et al (2022) Liraglutide prevents high glucose induced HUVECs dysfunction via inhibition of PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 545:111560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2022.111560
doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111560
pubmed: 35032624
Chen Z, Wu H, Yang J et al (2022) Activating Parkin-dependent mitophagy alleviates oxidative stress, apoptosis, and promotes random-pattern skin flaps survival. Commun Biol 5(1):616. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03556-w
doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03556-w
pubmed: 35732814
pmcid: 9217959
Liu N, Wu J, Zhang L et al (2017) Hydrogen Sulphide modulating mitochondrial morphology to promote mitophagy in endothelial cells under high-glucose and high-palmitate. J Cell Mol Med 21(12):3190–3203. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13223
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13223
pubmed: 28608965
pmcid: 5706497
Zhou ZY, Shi WT, Zhang J et al (2023) Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate protects against hyperhomocysteine-induced vascular endothelial injury via activation of NNMT/SIRT1-mediated NRF2/HO-1 and AKT/MAPKs signaling in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 158:114137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114137
doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114137
pubmed: 36525817
Jiang T, Liu T, Deng X et al (2021) Adiponectin ameliorates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury through SIRT1-PINK1 signaling-mediated mitophagy in type 2 diabetic rats. Respir Res 22(1):258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01855-0
doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01855-0
pubmed: 34602075
pmcid: 8489101
Wang X, Zhang JQ, Xiu CK et al (2020) Ginseng-Sanqi-Chuanxiong (GSC) extracts ameliorate diabetes-induced endothelial cell senescence through regulating mitophagy via the AMPK pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020:7151946. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7151946
doi: 10.1155/2020/7151946
pubmed: 32963699
pmcid: 7495226
Hou Y, Wang XF, Lang ZQ et al (2018) Adiponectin is protective against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells in sepsis. Braz J Med Biol Res 51(12):e7747. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20187747
doi: 10.1590/1414-431X20187747
pubmed: 30462773
pmcid: 6247242
Kapadia P, Bikkina P, Landicho MA et al (2021) Effect of anti-hyperglycemic drugs on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 907:174249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174249
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174249
pubmed: 34116042
Li P, Xie C, Zhong J et al (2021) Melatonin attenuates ox-LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction by reducing ER stress and inhibiting JNK/Mff SIgnaling. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021:5589612. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589612
doi: 10.1155/2021/5589612
pubmed: 33763168
pmcid: 7952160
Qi K, Li X, Geng Y et al (2018) Tongxinluo attenuates reperfusion injury in diabetic hearts by angiopoietin-like 4-mediated protection of endothelial barrier integrity via PPAR-alpha pathway. PLoS ONE 13(6):e0198403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198403
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198403
pubmed: 29912977
pmcid: 6005559
Rubig E, Stypmann J, Van Slyke P et al (2016) The synthetic Tie2 agonist peptide vasculotide protects renal vascular barrier function in experimental acute kidney injury. Sci Rep 6:22111. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22111
doi: 10.1038/srep22111
pubmed: 26911791
pmcid: 4766468
Shah R, Wilkins E, Nichols M et al (2019) Epidemiology report: trends in sex-specific cerebrovascular disease mortality in Europe based on WHO mortality data. Eur Heart J 40(9):755–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy378
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy378
pubmed: 30124820
Collaborators GBDS (2021) Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol 20(10):795–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0
Pohl M, Hesszenberger D, Kapus K et al (2021) Ischemic stroke mimics: a comprehensive review. J Clin Neurosci 93:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.025
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.025
pubmed: 34656244
Collaborators GBDCoD, (2017) Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390(10100):1151–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9
White BC, Sullivan JM, DeGracia DJ et al (2000) Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. J Neurol Sci 179(S1–2):1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00386-5
doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00386-5
pubmed: 11054482
Puig B, Brenna S, Magnus T (2018) Molecular Communication of a Dying Neuron in Stroke. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092834
doi: 10.3390/ijms19092834
pubmed: 30322103
pmcid: 6213377
Yoon JS, Jo D, Lee HS et al (2018) Spatiotemporal protein atlas of cell death-related molecules in the rat MCAO stroke model. Exp Neurobiol 27(4):287–298. https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2018.27.4.287
doi: 10.5607/en.2018.27.4.287
pubmed: 30181691
pmcid: 6120968
Pan J, Konstas AA, Bateman B et al (2007) Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: pathophysiology, MR imaging, and potential therapies. Neuroradiology 49(2):93–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-006-0183-z
doi: 10.1007/s00234-006-0183-z
pubmed: 17177065
Sun MS, Jin H, Sun X et al (2018) Free radical damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury: an obstacle in acute ischemic stroke after revascularization therapy. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018:3804979. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3804979
doi: 10.1155/2018/3804979
pubmed: 29770166
pmcid: 5892600
Imai T, Matsubara H, Nakamura S et al (2020) The mitochondria-targeted peptide, bendavia, attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced stroke damage. Neuroscience 443:110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.044
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.044
pubmed: 32738431
Yang D, Li Z, Gao G et al (2021) Combined analysis of surface protein profile and microRNA expression profile of exosomes derived from brain microvascular endothelial cells in early cerebral ischemia. ACS Omega 6(34):22410–22421. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03248
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03248
pubmed: 34497930
pmcid: 8412952
Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E et al (2008) Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 359(13):1317–1329. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804656
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804656
pubmed: 18815396
Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P et al (2014) Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 384(9958):1929–1935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60584-5
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60584-5
pubmed: 25106063
pmcid: 4441266
Lees KR, Emberson J, Blackwell L et al (2016) Effects of Alteplase for acute stroke on the distribution of functional outcomes: a pooled analysis of 9 trials. Stroke 47(9):2373–2379. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013644
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013644
pubmed: 27507856
pmcid: 5024752
Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH et al (2016) Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 387(10029):1723–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00163-X
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00163-X
pubmed: 26898852
Kim JS (2019) tPA helpers in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: are they ready for clinical use? J Stroke 21(2):160–174. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2019.00584
doi: 10.5853/jos.2019.00584
pubmed: 31161761
pmcid: 6549064
Tsuji K, Aoki T, Tejima E et al (2005) Tissue plasminogen activator promotes matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 36(9):1954–1959. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000177517.01203.eb
doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000177517.01203.eb
pubmed: 16051896
Montaner J, Molina CA, Monasterio J et al (2003) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 pretreatment level predicts intracranial hemorrhagic complications after thrombolysis in human stroke. Circulation 107(4):598–603. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000046451.38849.90
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000046451.38849.90
pubmed: 12566373
Mueller-Kronast NH, Zaidat OO, Froehler MT et al (2017) Systematic evaluation of patients treated with neurothrombectomy devices for acute ischemic stroke: primary results of the STRATIS Registry. Stroke 48(10):2760–2768. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016456
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016456
pubmed: 28830971
Puentes S, Kurachi M, Shibasaki K et al (2012) Brain microvascular endothelial cell transplantation ameliorates ischemic white matter damage. Brain Res 1469:43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.042
doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.042
pubmed: 22771710
Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Magliano DJ et al (2016) Diabetes mellitus statistics on prevalence and mortality: facts and fallacies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 12(10):616–622. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.105
doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.105
pubmed: 27388988
Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S et al (2022) IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 183:109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
pubmed: 34879977
Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB (2018) Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(2):88–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151
doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.151
pubmed: 29219149
Kocak MZ, Aktas G, Atak BM et al (2020) Is Neuregulin-4 a predictive marker of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Eur J Clin Invest 50(3):e13206. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13206
doi: 10.1111/eci.13206
pubmed: 31999832
Ozgumus T, Sulaieva O, Jessen LE et al (2021) Reduced expression of OXPHOS and DNA damage genes is linked to protection from microvascular complications in long-term type 1 diabetes: the PROLONG study. Sci Rep 11(1):20735. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00183-z
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00183-z
pubmed: 34671071
pmcid: 8528906
Xue P, Covassin N, Ran X et al (2020) Association of parameters of nocturnal hypoxemia with diabetic microvascular complications: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 170:108484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108484
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108484
pubmed: 33031843
Vincent AM, Callaghan BC, Smith AL et al (2011) Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol 7(10):573–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.137
doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.137
pubmed: 21912405
Imamura Y, Suzuki K, Saijo H et al (2022) Longitudinal physiological remoulding of lower limb skin as a cause of diabetic foot ulcer: a histopathological examination. J Wound Care 31(Sup8):S29–S35. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2022.31.Sup8.S29
doi: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.Sup8.S29
pubmed: 36004943
Yang S, Ma C, Wu H et al (2020) Tectorigenin attenuates diabetic nephropathy by improving vascular endothelium dysfunction through activating AdipoR1/2 pathway. Pharmacol Res 153:104678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104678
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104678
pubmed: 32014572
Zhang Z, Yang Z, Zhu B et al (2012) Increasing glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity restores redox balance in vascular endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. PLoS ONE 7(11):e49128. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049128
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049128
pubmed: 23185302
pmcid: 3501497
Toth E, Racz A, Toth J et al (2007) Contribution of polyol pathway to arteriolar dysfunction in hyperglycemia. Role of oxidative stress, reduced NO, and enhanced PGH(2)/TXA(2) mediation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293(5):H3096-3104. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01335.2006
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01335.2006
pubmed: 17873009
Kielbik M, Szulc-Kielbik I, Klink M (2019) The potential role of iNOS in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071751
doi: 10.3390/ijms20071751
pubmed: 30970628
pmcid: 6479373
Pei H, Yang Y, Cui L et al (2016) Bisdemethoxycurcumin inhibits ovarian cancer via reducing oxidative stress mediated MMPs expressions. Sci Rep 6:28773. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28773
doi: 10.1038/srep28773
pubmed: 27349797
pmcid: 4923879
Lv H, Cheng Q, Li Y et al (2021) The protective effects of ropivacaine against high glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial injury by reducing mmps and alleviating oxidative stress. Neurotox Res 39(3):851–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00324-8
doi: 10.1007/s12640-020-00324-8
pubmed: 33538995
Molitoris BA (2014) Therapeutic translation in acute kidney injury: the epithelial/endothelial axis. J Clin Invest 124(6):2355–2363. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72269
doi: 10.1172/JCI72269
pubmed: 24892710
pmcid: 4089444
Yang B, Lan S, Dieude M et al (2018) Caspase-3 is a pivotal regulator of microvascular rarefaction and renal fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 29(7):1900–1916. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017050581
doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017050581
pubmed: 29925521
pmcid: 6050936
Doreille A, Dieude M, Cardinal H (2019) The determinants, biomarkers, and consequences of microvascular injury in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 316(1):F9–F19. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00163.2018
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00163.2018
pubmed: 30379097
Babickova J, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM et al (2017) Regardless of etiology, progressive renal disease causes ultrastructural and functional alterations of peritubular capillaries. Kidney Int 91(1):70–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038
doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038
pubmed: 27678159
Farris AB, Taheri D, Kawai T et al (2011) Acute renal endothelial injury during marrow recovery in a cohort of combined kidney and bone marrow allografts. Am J Transplant 11(7):1464–1477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03572.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03572.x
pubmed: 21668634
pmcid: 3128680
Furuichi K, Wada T, Kaneko S et al (2008) Roles of chemokines in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Biosci 13:4021–4028. https://doi.org/10.2741/2990
doi: 10.2741/2990
pubmed: 18508496
Higgins DF, Kimura K, Bernhardt WM et al (2007) Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 117(12):3810–3820. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI30487
doi: 10.1172/JCI30487
pubmed: 18037992
pmcid: 2082142
Camacho X, Nedkoff L, Wright FL et al (2022) Relative contribution of trends in myocardial infarction event rates and case fatality to declines in mortality: an international comparative study of 1.95 million events in 80.4 million people in four countries. Lancet Public Health 7(3):e229–e239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00006-8
doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00006-8
pubmed: 35247353
Frantz S, Hundertmark MJ, Schulz-Menger J et al (2022) Left ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction: pathophysiology, imaging, and novel therapies. Eur Heart J 43(27):2549–2561. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac223
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac223
pubmed: 35511857
pmcid: 9336586
Zhou H, Wang S, Zhu P et al (2018) Empagliflozin rescues diabetic myocardial microvascular injury via AMPK-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial fission. Redox Biol 15:335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2017.12.019
doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.12.019
pubmed: 29306791
Tan Y, Mui D, Toan S et al (2020) SERCA overexpression improves mitochondrial quality control and attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 22:696–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.013
doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.013
pubmed: 33230467
pmcid: 7585837