Detection of ribonucleotides embedded in DNA by Nanopore sequencing.


Journal

Communications biology
ISSN: 2399-3642
Titre abrégé: Commun Biol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101719179

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
23 Apr 2024
Historique:
received: 13 03 2023
accepted: 20 03 2024
medline: 24 4 2024
pubmed: 24 4 2024
entrez: 23 4 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Ribonucleotides represent the most common non-canonical nucleotides found in eukaryotic genomes. The sources of chromosome-embedded ribonucleotides and the mechanisms by which unrepaired rNMPs trigger genome instability and human pathologies are not fully understood. The available sequencing technologies only allow to indirectly deduce the genomic location of rNMPs. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) may overcome such limitation, revealing the sites of rNMPs incorporation in genomic DNA directly from raw sequencing signals. We synthesized two types of DNA molecules containing rNMPs at known or random positions and we developed data analysis pipelines for DNA-embedded ribonucleotides detection by ONT. We report that ONT can identify all four ribonucleotides incorporated in DNA by capturing rNMPs-specific alterations in nucleotide alignment features, current intensity, and dwell time. We propose that ONT may be successfully employed to directly map rNMPs in genomic DNA and we suggest a strategy to build an ad hoc basecaller to analyse native genomes.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38654143
doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06077-w
pii: 10.1038/s42003-024-06077-w
doi:

Substances chimiques

Ribonucleotides 0
DNA 9007-49-2

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

491

Subventions

Organisme : Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (Italian Association for Cancer Research)
ID : IG-21806
Organisme : Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
ID : PRIN2017_2022KJHC7S
Organisme : Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
ID : PRIN_2022JA8JY5
Organisme : Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
ID : CN_00000041
Organisme : Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
ID : PRIN2017_2022KJHC7S

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Li, Y. & Breaker, R. R. Kinetics of RNA degradation by specific base catalysis of transesterification involving the 2γ-hydroxyl group. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 5364–5372 (1999).
doi: 10.1021/ja990592p
Yao, Y. & Dai, W. Genomic instability and cancer. J. Carcinog. Mutagen. 5, 1–3 (2014).
Yurov, Y. B., Vorsanova, S. G. & Iourov, I. Y. Chromosome instability in the neurodegenerating brain. Front. Genet. 10, 892 (2019).
pubmed: 31616475 pmcid: 6764389 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00892
Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 411, 366–374 (2001).
pubmed: 11357144 doi: 10.1038/35077232
Aguilera, A. & Gómez-González, B. Genome instability: a mechanistic view of its causes and consequences. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9, 204–217 (2008).
pubmed: 18227811 doi: 10.1038/nrg2268
Sertic, S. et al. Non-canonical CRL4A/4BCDT2 interacts with RAD18 to modulate post replication repair and cell survival. PLoS ONE 8, e60000 (2013).
pubmed: 23555860 pmcid: 3612035 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060000
McElhinny, S. A. N. et al. Abundant ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA by yeast replicative polymerases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 4949–4954 (2010).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0914857107
Sparks, J. L. et al. RNase H2-initiated ribonucleotide excision repair. Mol. Cell 47, 980–986 (2012).
pubmed: 22864116 pmcid: 3470915 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.035
Reijns, M. A. M. et al. Enzymatic removal of ribonucleotides from DNA is essential for mammalian genome integrity and development. Cell 149, 1008–1022 (2012).
pubmed: 22579044 pmcid: 3383994 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.011
Clausen, A. R. et al. Ribonucleotide incorporation, proofreading and bypass by human DNA polymerase δ. DNA Repair 12, 121–127 (2013).
pubmed: 23245697 doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.11.006
Williams, J. S., Lujan, S. A. & Kunkel, T. A. Processing ribonucleotides incorporated during eukaryotic DNA replication. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 17, 350–363 (2016).
pubmed: 27093943 pmcid: 5445644 doi: 10.1038/nrm.2016.37
Clausen, A. R. et al. Structure-function analysis of ribonucleotide bypass by B family DNA replicases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 16802–16807 (2013).
pubmed: 24082122 pmcid: 3801065 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1309119110
Nava, G. M. et al. One, no one, and one hundred thousand: the many forms of ribonucleotides in DNA. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1–23 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/ijms21051706
Koh, K. D., Balachander, S., Hesselberth, J. R. & Storici, F. Ribose-seq: global mapping of ribonucleotides embedded in genomic DNA. Nat. Methods 12, 251–257 (2015).
pubmed: 25622106 pmcid: 4686381 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3259
Balachander, S. et al. Ribonucleotide incorporation in yeast genomic DNA shows preference for cytosine and guanosine preceded by deoxyadenosine. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–14 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16152-5
Iida, T., Iida, N., Sese, J. & Kobayashi, T. Evaluation of repair activity by quantification of ribonucleotides in the genome. Genes Cells 26, 555–569 (2021).
pubmed: 33993586 pmcid: 8453711 doi: 10.1111/gtc.12871
Ghodgaonkar, M. M. et al. Ribonucleotides misincorporated into DNA act as strand-discrimination signals in eukaryotic mismatch repair. Mol. Cell 50, 323–332 (2013).
pubmed: 23603115 pmcid: 3653069 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.03.019
Lujan, S. A. et al. Ribonucleotides are signals for mismatch repair of leading-strand replication errors. Mol. Cell 50, 437–443 (2013).
pubmed: 23603118 pmcid: 3658170 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.03.017
Potenski, C. J. & Klein, H. L. How the misincorporation of ribonucleotides into genomic DNA can be both harmful and helpful to cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 10226–10234 (2014).
pubmed: 25159610 pmcid: 4176331 doi: 10.1093/nar/gku773
Williams, J. S. & Kunkel, T. A. Ribonucleotides in DNA: origins, repair and consequences. DNA Repair 19, 27–37 (2014).
pubmed: 24794402 pmcid: 4065383 doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.029
Kellner, V. & Luke, B. Molecular and physiological consequences of faulty eukaryotic ribonucleotide excision repair. EMBO J. 39, e102309 (2020).
pubmed: 31833079 doi: 10.15252/embj.2019102309
Jaishree, T. N., Wang, A. H. J., van der Marel, G. A. & van Boom, J. H. Structural Influence of RNA incorporation in DNA: quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance refinement of d(CG)r(CG)d(CG) and d(CG)r(C)d(TAGCG). Biochemistry 32, 4903–4911 (1993).
pubmed: 7683912 doi: 10.1021/bi00069a027
Egli, M., Usman, N. & Rich, A. Conformational influence of the ribose 2’-hydroxyl group: crystal structures of DNA-RNA chimeric duplexes. Biochemistry 32, 3221–3237 (1993).
pubmed: 7681688 doi: 10.1021/bi00064a004
Derose, E. F. et al. Solution structure of the Dickerson DNA dodecamer containing a single ribonucleotide. Biochemistry 51, 2407–2416 (2012).
pubmed: 22390730 doi: 10.1021/bi201710q
Meroni, A. et al. The incorporation of ribonucleotides induces structural and conformational changes in DNA. Biophys. J. 113, 1373–1382 (2017).
pubmed: 28978432 pmcid: 5627062 doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.013
Hovatter, K. R. & Martinson, H. G. Ribonucleotide-induced helical alteration in DNA prevents nucleosome formation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1162–1166 (1987).
pubmed: 3493489 pmcid: 304386 doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.5.1162
Fu, I., Smith, D. J. & Broyde, S. Rotational and translational positions determine the structural and dynamic impact of a single ribonucleotide incorporated in the nucleosome. DNA Repair 73, 155–163 (2019).
pubmed: 30522887 doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.11.012
Lazzaro, F. et al. RNase H and postreplication repair protect cells from ribonucleotides incorporated in DNA. Mol. Cell 45, 99–110 (2012).
pubmed: 22244334 pmcid: 3262129 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.12.019
Kim, N. et al. Mutagenic processing of ribonucleotides in DNA by yeast topoisomerase I. Science 332, 1561–1564 (2011).
pubmed: 21700875 pmcid: 3380281 doi: 10.1126/science.1205016
Conover, H. N. et al. Stimulation of chromosomal rearrangements by ribonucleotides. Genetics 201, 951–961 (2015).
pubmed: 26400612 pmcid: 4649663 doi: 10.1534/genetics.115.181149
Klein, H. L. Genome instabilities arising from ribonucleotides in DNA. DNA Repair 56, 26–32 (2017).
pubmed: 28629774 pmcid: 5533643 doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.004
Cerritelli, S. M. & Crouch, R. J. Ribonuclease H: the enzymes in eukaryotes. FEBS J. 276, 1494–1505 (2009).
pubmed: 19228196 doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06908.x
Crow, Y. J. et al. Mutations in genes encoding ribonuclease H2 subunits cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and mimic congenital viral brain infection. Nat. Genet. 38, 910–916 (2006).
pubmed: 16845400 doi: 10.1038/ng1842
Pizzi, S. et al. Reduction of hRNase H2 activity in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome cells leads to replication stress and genome instability. Hum. Mol. Genet. 24, 649–658 (2015).
pubmed: 25274781 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu485
Kind, B. et al. Altered spatio-temporal dynamics of RNase H2 complex assembly at replication and repair sites in Aicardi-Goutiéres syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23, 5950–5960 (2014).
pubmed: 24986920 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu319
Giordano, A. M. S. et al. DNA damage contributes to neurotoxic inflammation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome astrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 219, e20211121 (2022).
pubmed: 35262626 pmcid: 8916121 doi: 10.1084/jem.20211121
Shah, S. P. et al. Mutational evolution in a lobular breast tumour profiled at single nucleotide resolution. Nature 461, 809–813 (2009).
pubmed: 19812674 doi: 10.1038/nature08489
Williams, K. A. et al. A systems genetics approach identifies CXCL14, ITGAX, and LPCAT2 as novel aggressive prostate cancer susceptibility genes. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004809 (2014).
pubmed: 25411967 pmcid: 4238980 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004809
Mottaghi-Dastjerdi, N. et al. Identification of novel genes involved in gastric carcinogenesis by suppression subtractive hybridization. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 34, 3–11 (2015).
pubmed: 24812152 doi: 10.1177/0960327114532386
Dai, B. et al. RNaseH2A is involved in human gliomagenesis through the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Oncol. Rep. 36, 173–180 (2016).
pubmed: 27176716 doi: 10.3892/or.2016.4802
Beyer, U. et al. Rare ADAR and RNASEH2B variants and a type I interferon signature in glioma and prostate carcinoma risk and tumorigenesis. Acta Neuropathol. 134, 905–922 (2017).
pubmed: 29030706 doi: 10.1007/s00401-017-1774-y
Günther, C. et al. Defective removal of ribonucleotides from DNA promotes systemic autoimmunity. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 413–424 (2015).
pubmed: 25500883 doi: 10.1172/JCI78001
Clausen, A. R. et al. Tracking replication enzymology in vivo by genome-wide mapping of ribonucleotide incorporation. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 22, 185–191 (2015).
pubmed: 25622295 pmcid: 4351163 doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2957
Reijns, M. A. M. et al. Lagging-strand replication shapes the mutational landscape of the genome. Nature 518, 502–506 (2015).
pubmed: 25624100 pmcid: 4374164 doi: 10.1038/nature14183
Daigaku, Y. et al. A global profile of replicative polymerase usage. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 22, 192–198 (2015).
pubmed: 25664722 pmcid: 4789492 doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2962
Zatopek, K. M. et al. RADAR-seq: a RAre DAmage and Repair sequencing method for detecting DNA damage on a genome-wide scale. DNA Repair 80, 36–44 (2019).
pubmed: 31247470 doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.06.007
Sriramachandran, A. M. et al. Genome-wide nucleotide-resolution mapping of DNA replication patterns, single-strand breaks, and lesions by GLOE-Seq. Mol. Cell 78, 975–985.e7 (2020).
pubmed: 32320643 pmcid: 7276987 doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.027
Deamer, D., Akeson, M. & Branton, D. Three decades of nanopore sequencing. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 518–524 (2016).
pubmed: 27153285 pmcid: 6733523 doi: 10.1038/nbt.3423
Wang, Y. et al. Nanopore sequencing technology, bioinformatics and applications. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 1348–1365 (2021).
pubmed: 34750572 pmcid: 8988251 doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-01108-x
Lin, B., Hui, J. & Mao, H. Nanopore technology and its applications in gene sequencing. Biosensors 11, 214 (2021).
pubmed: 34208844 pmcid: 8301755 doi: 10.3390/bios11070214
Georgieva, D., Liu, Q., Wang, K. & Egli, D. Detection of base analogs incorporated during DNA replication by nanopore sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 48, e88–e88 (2020).
pubmed: 32710620 pmcid: 7470954 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa517
Xu, L. & Seki, M. Recent advances in the detection of base modifications using the Nanopore sequencer. J. Hum. Genet. 65, 25–33 (2020).
pubmed: 31602005 doi: 10.1038/s10038-019-0679-0
Müller, C. A. et al. Capturing the dynamics of genome replication on individual ultra-long nanopore sequence reads. Nat. Methods 16, 429–436 (2019).
pubmed: 31011185 doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0394-y
Nookaew, I. et al. Detection and Discrimination of DNA Adducts Differing in Size, Regiochemistry, and Functional Group by Nanopore Sequencing. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 33, 2944–2952 (2020).
pubmed: 32799528 pmcid: 7752846 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00202
Zhao, X. et al. Detection and characterization of single cisplatin adducts on DNA by nanopore sequencing. ACS Omega 6, 17027–17034 (2021).
pubmed: 34250360 pmcid: 8264939 doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02106
Hosseini, M. et al. Deep statistical modelling of nanopore sequencing translocation times reveals latent non-B DNA structures. Bioinformatics 39, i242–i251 (2023).
pubmed: 37387144 pmcid: 10311326 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad220
Patel, P. H. & Loeb, L. A. Multiple Amino Acid Substitutions Allow DNA Polymerases to Synthesize RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 40266–40272 (2000).
pubmed: 11005812 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M005757200
Liu, H. et al. Accurate detection of m6A RNA modifications in native RNA sequences. Nat. Commun. 10, 4079 (2019).
pubmed: 31501426 pmcid: 6734003 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11713-9
Gamaarachchi, H. et al. GPU accelerated adaptive banded event alignment for rapid comparative nanopore signal analysis. BMC Bioinforma. 21, 343 (2020).
doi: 10.1186/s12859-020-03697-x
Stoiber, M. et al. De novo identification of DNA modifications enabled by genome-guided nanopore signal processing. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/094672 (2017).
Begik, O. et al. Quantitative profiling of pseudouridylation dynamics in native RNAs with nanopore sequencing. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 1278–1291 (2021).
pubmed: 33986546 doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-00915-6
Leger, A. et al. RNA modifications detection by comparative nanopore direct RNA sequencing. Nat. Commun. 12, 17 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27393-3
Rang, F. J., Kloosterman, W. P. & De Ridder, J. From squiggle to basepair: computational approaches for improving nanopore sequencing read accuracy. Genome Biol. 19, 90 (2018).
pubmed: 30005597 pmcid: 6045860 doi: 10.1186/s13059-018-1462-9
Teng, H. et al. Chiron: translating nanopore raw signal directly into nucleotide sequence using deep learning. GigaScience 7, giy037 (2018).
pubmed: 29648610 pmcid: 5946831 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giy037
Noakes, M. T. et al. Increasing the accuracy of nanopore DNA sequencing using a time-varying cross membrane voltage. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 651–656 (2019).
pubmed: 31011178 pmcid: 6658736 doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0096-0
Gamaarachchi, H. et al. Fast nanopore sequencing data analysis with SLOW5. Nat. Biotechnol. 40, 1026–1029 (2022).
pubmed: 34980914 pmcid: 9287168 doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-01147-4
Pratanwanich, P. N. et al. Identification of differential RNA modifications from nanopore direct RNA sequencing with xPore. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 1394–1402 (2021).
pubmed: 34282325 doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-00949-w
Stephenson, W. et al. Direct detection of RNA modifications and structure using single-molecule nanopore sequencing. Cell Genomics 2, 100097 (2022).
pubmed: 35252946 pmcid: 8896822 doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100097
Fleming, A. M., Mathewson, N. J., Howpay Manage, S. A. & Burrows, C. J. Nanopore dwell time analysis permits sequencing and conformational assignment of pseudouridine in SARS-CoV-2. ACS Cent. Sci. 7, 1707–1717 (2021).
pubmed: 34729414 pmcid: 8554835 doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00788
Liu, F. T., Ting, K. M. & Zhou, Z.-H. Isolation forest. In 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (IEEE), pp. 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2008.17 (2008).
Liu, F. T., Ting, K. M. & Zhou, Z.-H. Isolation-based anomaly detection. ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data 6, 1–39 (2012).
doi: 10.1145/2133360.2133363
Fonzino, A. et al. Unraveling C-to-U RNA editing events from direct RNA sequencing. RNA Biol. 21, 1–14 (2024).
pubmed: 38090878 doi: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2290843
Caldecott, K. W. Ribose—an internal threat to DNA. Science 343, 260–261 (2014).
pubmed: 24436412 doi: 10.1126/science.1248234
Su, Y., Egli, M. & Guengerich, F. P. Mechanism of ribonucleotide incorporation by human DNA polymerase η. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 3747–3756 (2016).
pubmed: 26740629 pmcid: 4759156 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.706226
Mentegari, E. et al. Ribonucleotide incorporation by human DNA polymerase η impacts translesion synthesis and RNase H2 activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, 2600–2614 (2017).
pubmed: 27994034
Gali, V. K. et al. Translesion synthesis DNA polymerase η exhibits a specific RNA extension activity and a transcription-associated function. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–17 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12915-1
Meroni, A. et al. RNase H activities counteract a toxic effect of Polymerase η in cells replicating with depleted dNTP pools. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, 4612–4623 (2019).
pubmed: 30847483 pmcid: 6511917 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz165
Li, H. Minimap2: pairwise alignment for nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 34, 3094–3100 (2018).
pubmed: 29750242 pmcid: 6137996 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty191
Li, H. et al. The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25, 2078–2079 (2009).
pubmed: 19505943 pmcid: 2723002 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352
Bonfield, J. K. et al. HTSlib: C library for reading/writing high-throughput sequencing data. GigaScience 10, giab007 (2021).
pubmed: 33594436 pmcid: 7931820 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giab007
Danecek, P. et al. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. GigaScience 10, giab008 (2021).
pubmed: 33590861 pmcid: 7931819 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giab008
Simpson, J. T. et al. Detecting DNA cytosine methylation using nanopore sequencing. Nat. Methods 14, 407–410 (2017).
pubmed: 28218898 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4184

Auteurs

Lavinia Grasso (L)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.

Adriano Fonzino (A)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università di Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.

Caterina Manzari (C)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università di Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.

Tommaso Leonardi (T)

Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy.

Ernesto Picardi (E)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università di Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.

Carmela Gissi (C)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università di Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.

Federico Lazzaro (F)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy. federico.lazzaro@unimi.it.

Graziano Pesole (G)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università di Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy. graziano.pesole@cnr.it.
Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy. graziano.pesole@cnr.it.

Marco Muzi-Falconi (M)

Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy. marco.muzifalconi@unimi.it.

Articles similaires

Genome, Chloroplast Phylogeny Genetic Markers Base Composition High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C

Classifications MeSH