Controlling release of astaxanthin in β-sitosterol oleogel-based emulsions via different self-assembled mechanisms and composition of the oleogelators.

In this study, three types of β-sitosterol-based oleogels (β-sitosterol + γ-oryzanol oleogels, β-sitosterol + lecithin, oleogels and β-sitosterol + monostearate oleogels), loaded with astaxanthin, were employed as the oil phase to create oleogel-based emulsions (SO, SL, and SM) using high-pressure homogenization. The microstructure revealed that fine-scale crystals were dispersed within the oil phase of the droplets in the β-sitosterol oleogel-based emulsion. The bioaccessibility of astaxanthin was found to be 58.13 %, 51.24 %, 36.57 %, and 45.72 % for SM, SL, SO, and the control group, respectively. Interestingly, the release of fatty acids was positively correlated with the availability of astaxanthin (P = 0.981). Further analysis of FFAs release and kinetics indicated that the structural strength of the oil-phase in the emulsions influenced the degree and rate of lipolysis. Additionally, the micellar fraction analysis suggested that the nature and composition of the oleogelators in SM and SL also impacted lipolysis and the bioaccessibility of astaxanthin. Furthermore, interfacial binding of lipase and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements revealed that the oleogel network within the oil phase of the emulsion acted as a physical barrier, hindering the interaction between lipase and lipid. Overall, β-sitosterol oleogel-based emulsions offer a versatile platform for delivering hydrophobic molecules, enhancing the bioavailability of active compounds, and achieving sustained release.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.