Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of
Biofilm-associated implant infections represent a major challenge for healthcare systems around the world due to high patient burden and enormous costs incurred....
Myopathie à axe central : Questions médicales fréquentes
Questions fréquentes et termes MeSH associés
Diagnostic 5
#1
Comment diagnostique-t-on la myopathie à axe central ?
Le diagnostic repose sur l'examen clinique, l'électromyogramme et la biopsie musculaire.
#2
Quels tests génétiques sont utilisés ?
Des tests génétiques peuvent identifier des mutations dans le gène RYR1, associé à cette myopathie.
#3
Quels signes cliniques sont observés ?
On observe souvent une faiblesse musculaire proximale et des anomalies dans les biopsies musculaires.
#4
L'IRM est-elle utile pour le diagnostic ?
Oui, l'IRM peut montrer des anomalies musculaires caractéristiques de la myopathie à axe central.
#5
Quel rôle joue l'historique familial ?
Un historique familial de myopathies peut orienter le diagnostic vers une origine génétique.
Symptômes 5
#1
Quels sont les principaux symptômes ?
Les symptômes incluent faiblesse musculaire, fatigue et parfois des douleurs musculaires.
#2
La myopathie affecte-t-elle tous les muscles ?
Elle touche principalement les muscles proximaux, comme ceux des hanches et des épaules.
#3
Y a-t-il des symptômes respiratoires ?
Dans certains cas, la faiblesse musculaire peut affecter les muscles respiratoires.
#4
Les symptômes varient-ils selon l'âge ?
Oui, les symptômes peuvent apparaître dès l'enfance ou à l'âge adulte, selon les cas.
#5
Des troubles de la marche sont-ils fréquents ?
Oui, la faiblesse musculaire peut entraîner des difficultés à marcher ou à se lever.
Prévention 5
#1
Peut-on prévenir la myopathie à axe central ?
Étant génétique, il n'existe pas de prévention, mais un diagnostic précoce aide à la gestion.
#2
Le dépistage est-il recommandé ?
Le dépistage génétique peut être conseillé pour les familles à risque de transmission.
#3
Des conseils de vie peuvent-ils aider ?
Des conseils sur l'exercice et la nutrition peuvent améliorer la qualité de vie des patients.
#4
Les activités physiques sont-elles bénéfiques ?
Des activités adaptées peuvent aider à maintenir la force musculaire et la mobilité.
#5
Les consultations régulières sont-elles nécessaires ?
Oui, des suivis réguliers permettent d'ajuster les traitements et surveiller l'évolution.
Traitements 5
#1
Quels traitements sont disponibles ?
Il n'existe pas de traitement curatif, mais la physiothérapie aide à maintenir la force musculaire.
#2
Les médicaments sont-ils efficaces ?
Des médicaments peuvent être prescrits pour gérer les symptômes, mais leur efficacité varie.
#3
La chirurgie est-elle une option ?
La chirurgie n'est généralement pas indiquée, sauf pour des complications spécifiques.
#4
Comment la rééducation aide-t-elle ?
La rééducation physique aide à améliorer la fonction musculaire et la qualité de vie.
#5
Y a-t-il des traitements expérimentaux ?
Des essais cliniques explorent des thérapies géniques et des traitements ciblés.
Complications 5
#1
Quelles complications peuvent survenir ?
Les complications incluent des problèmes respiratoires et des déformations musculo-squelettiques.
#2
La myopathie peut-elle affecter la vie quotidienne ?
Oui, la faiblesse musculaire peut limiter les activités quotidiennes et l'autonomie.
#3
Y a-t-il un risque de cardiomyopathie ?
Certaines formes de myopathie peuvent être associées à des problèmes cardiaques.
#4
Les infections sont-elles plus fréquentes ?
Les infections peuvent survenir en raison de la faiblesse musculaire et de l'immobilité.
#5
Comment gérer les complications ?
Une prise en charge multidisciplinaire est essentielle pour gérer les complications.
Facteurs de risque 5
#1
Quels sont les facteurs de risque génétiques ?
Les antécédents familiaux de myopathies augmentent le risque de développer cette maladie.
#2
L'âge est-il un facteur de risque ?
L'âge d'apparition peut varier, mais les symptômes se manifestent souvent dans l'enfance.
#3
Le sexe influence-t-il le risque ?
Les myopathies peuvent affecter les deux sexes, mais certaines formes sont plus fréquentes chez les hommes.
#4
Des facteurs environnementaux jouent-ils un rôle ?
Actuellement, les facteurs environnementaux ne sont pas clairement établis comme des risques.
#5
Les maladies associées augmentent-elles le risque ?
Certaines maladies auto-immunes peuvent coexister avec la myopathie, mais leur lien n'est pas direct.
Contenu validé par Dr Olivier Menir
Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale
Validation scientifique effectuée le 01/03/2025
Contenu vérifié selon les dernières recommandations médicales
Auteurs principaux
David Lacomis
7 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
What is in the Myopathy Literature?
Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease
-
What Is in the Myopathy Literature?
Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease
-
What is in the Myopathy Literature?
Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease
-
What Is in the Myopathy Literature?
Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease
-
What is in the Myopathy Literature?
Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease
Ichizo Nishino
5 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Kodaira, Japan. Electronic address: nishino@ncnp.go.jp.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
A review of core myopathy: central core disease, multiminicore disease, dusty core disease, and core-rod myopathy.
Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2021-09-17
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
-
X-linked Myotubular Myopathy Manifesting Carrier with Central and Peripheral Nervous System Involvement.
Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024-04-16
-
Evaluation of the Core Formation Process in Congenital Neuromuscular Disease With Uniform Type 1 Fiber and Central Core Disease.
Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
-
ADSSL1 myopathy is the most common nemaline myopathy in Japan with variable clinical features.
Neurology 2020-07-09
John Rendu
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- INSERM, GIN-U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Bat EJ Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, La Tronche, Grenoble, France.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
In vivo RyR1 reduction in muscle triggers a core-like myopathy.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2020-11-11
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Julien Fauré
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- INSERM, GIN-U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Bat EJ Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, La Tronche, Grenoble, France.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
In vivo RyR1 reduction in muscle triggers a core-like myopathy.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2020-11-11
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Satoru Noguchi
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 187-8502 Tokyo, Japan; Department of Genome Medicine Development, Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 187-8551 Tokyo, Japan.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
-
Evaluation of the Core Formation Process in Congenital Neuromuscular Disease With Uniform Type 1 Fiber and Central Core Disease.
Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
-
ADSSL1 myopathy is the most common nemaline myopathy in Japan with variable clinical features.
Neurology 2020-07-09
Ingrid E Lundberg
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- From the Department of Learning, Informatics and Medical Education, Karolinska Institutet; Function Area Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Allied Health Professionals Function, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Physiotherapy and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth; The Notre Dame University Fremantle, Fremantle, Australia; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Global Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- M. Regardt, PhD, Occupational Therapist, Department of Learning, Informatics and Medical Education, Karolinska Institutet, and Function Area Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Allied Health Professionals Function, Karolinska University Hospital; C.A. Mecoli, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; J.K. Park, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital; I. de Groot, Patient Research Partner; C. Sarver, Patient Research Partner; M. Needham, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, and The Notre Dame University; M. de Visser, MD, PhD, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience; B. Shea, MSN, Center for Global Health, University of Ottawa; C.O. Bingham III, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; I.E. Lundberg, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; Y.W. Song, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University; L. Christopher-Stine, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; H. Alexanderson, PhD, Physiotherapist, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Physiotherapy and Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Function Area Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Allied Health Professionals Function, Karolinska University Hospital. M. Regardt and Dr. C. Mecoli are co-first authors.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
OMERACT 2018 Modified Patient-reported Outcome Domain Core Set in the Life Impact Area for Adult Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies.
The Journal of rheumatology 2019-02-15
-
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies.
Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America
-
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
Nature reviews. Disease primers 2021-12-02
Masashi Ogasawara
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Kodaira, Japan.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
A review of core myopathy: central core disease, multiminicore disease, dusty core disease, and core-rod myopathy.
Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2021-09-17
-
Evaluation of the Core Formation Process in Congenital Neuromuscular Disease With Uniform Type 1 Fiber and Central Core Disease.
Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
Aurora Fusto
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
Cored in the act: the use of models to understand core myopathies.
Disease models & mechanisms 2019-12-19
-
Expanding the clinical-pathological and genetic spectrum of RYR1-related congenital myopathies with cores and minicores: an Italian population study.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2022-04-15
Elena Pegoraro
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy elena.pegoraro@unipd.it.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
Cored in the act: the use of models to understand core myopathies.
Disease models & mechanisms 2019-12-19
-
Expanding the clinical-pathological and genetic spectrum of RYR1-related congenital myopathies with cores and minicores: an Italian population study.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2022-04-15
Angela Berardinelli
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
Case report: A creatine kinase-borg scale values-based approach to tailor physical training in a central core myopathy patient.
Frontiers in physiology 2024-07-23
-
Expanding the clinical-pathological and genetic spectrum of RYR1-related congenital myopathies with cores and minicores: an Italian population study.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2022-04-15
Julie Brocard
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- INSERM, GIN-U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Bat EJ Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, La Tronche, Grenoble, France.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
In vivo RyR1 reduction in muscle triggers a core-like myopathy.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2020-11-11
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
Norma B Romero
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Neuromuscular Morphology Unit, Center for Research in Myology, Myology Institute, Sorbonne University, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
In vivo RyR1 reduction in muscle triggers a core-like myopathy.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2020-11-11
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Isabelle Marty
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- INSERM, GIN-U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Bat EJ Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, La Tronche, Grenoble, France. isabelle.marty@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
In vivo RyR1 reduction in muscle triggers a core-like myopathy.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2020-11-11
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
Matteo Garibaldi
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Neuromuscular Morphology Unit, Myology Institute, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. matteo.garibaldi@uniroma1.it.
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy. matteo.garibaldi@uniroma1.it.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Novel ACTA1 mutation causes late-presenting nemaline myopathy with unusual dark cores.
Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2020-11-30
Edoardo Malfatti
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Service Neurologie Médicale, Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaire Paris-Est-Ile de France, CHU Raymond-Poincaré Paris Ouest, Garches, France.
- U1179 UVSQ-INSERM Handicap Neuromusculaire: Physiologie, Biothérapie et Pharmacologie appliquées, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Fabiana Lubieniecki
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Servicio de Neurología y Servicio de Patologia, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Soledad Monges
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Servicio de Neurología y Servicio de Patologia, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Jocelyn Laporte
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404, Illkirch, France.
- INSERM U1258, 67404, Illkirch, France.
- CNRS, UMR7104, 67404, Illkirch, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Pathogenic Variants in the Myosin Chaperone UNC-45B Cause Progressive Myopathy with Eccentric Cores.
American journal of human genetics 2020-11-19
Giovanni Antonini
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
-
'Dusty core disease' (DuCD): expanding morphological spectrum of RYR1 recessive myopathies.
Acta neuropathologica communications 2019-01-05
-
Novel ACTA1 mutation causes late-presenting nemaline myopathy with unusual dark cores.
Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2020-11-30
Mariz Vainzof
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil.
Publications dans "Myopathie à axe central" :
Sources (10000 au total)
Mechanical Stabilization of a Bacterial Adhesion Complex.
The adhesions between Gram-positive bacteria and their hosts are exposed to varying magnitudes of tensile forces. Here, using an ultrastable magnetic tweezer-based single-molecule approach, we show th...
Effects of reducing excess dental adhesive on bacterial adhesion in the bracket periphery.
White spot lesions are one of the most common side effects of orthodontic therapy with a multibracket appliance and may indicate a preliminary stage of caries, also known as initial caries. Several ap... Both bracket systems were applied to 24 extracted human premolars, and bacterial adhesion with Streptoccocus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) was performed for 24 h, 48 h, 7 d, and 14 d. After incubation, bacte... Overall, significantly fewer bacterial colonies were found in the adhesive area around the APC flash-free brackets (n = 507 ± 13 bacteria) than the conventionally bonded bracket systems (n = 850 ± 56 ... A smooth adhesive surface with minimal adhesive excess is beneficial for reducing bacterial adhesion but also poses a risk of marginal gap formation with subsequent bacterial colonization, which can p... To reduce bacterial adhesion, the APC flash-free bracket adhesive system with low adhesive excess might be beneficial. APC flash-free brackets reduce the bacterial colonization in the bracket environm...
Surface characteristics and bacterial adhesion of endodontic cements.
To investigate the effect of inclusion of silver nano-particles (SNP) or bioactive glass (BG) on the surface characteristics and bacterial adhesion of prototype tricalcium silicate (TCS)-based cements... A basic formulation of radio-opacified TCS without (TZ-base) and with additions of SNP (0.5, 1, or 2 mg/ml) or BG (10 or 20%) was used. Biodentine and intermediate restorative material (IRM) served as... The surface morphology of SNP- and BG-containing cements had higher roughness values than TZ-base after 28 days (p < 0.05). No differences in microhardness were observed among prototype cements (p > 0... Incorporation of SNP or BG did not improve the antibacterial effect of the experimental cement; all 28-day aged materials failed to inhibit bacterial adherence. The measured physical parameters did no... Changes in the surface characteristics of prototype TCS-based cements by inclusion of SNP and BG or exposure to different environments did not affect bacterial adhesion. All experimental materials sho...
Nanomechanical probing of bacterial adhesion to biodegradable Zn alloys.
Bacterial infections on implants cause an inflammatory response and even implant failure. Bacterial adhesion is an initial and critical step during implant infection. The prevention of bacterial adhes...
Inhibition of bacterial adhesion by epigallocatechin gallate attached polymeric membranes.
Microbial adhesion and formation of biofilms cause a serious problem in several areas including but not limited to food spoilage, industrial corrosion and nosocomial infections. These microbial biofil...
Three structural solutions for bacterial adhesion pilus stability and superelasticity.
Bacterial adhesion pili are key virulence factors that mediate host-pathogen interactions in diverse epithelial environments. Deploying a multimodal approach, we probed the structural basis underpinni...
Fluid flow drives phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial growth and adhesion on surfaces.
Bacteria often thrive in surface-attached communities, where they can form biofilms affording them multiple advantages. In this sessile form, fluid flow is a key component of their environments, renew...
Using Catechol and Zwitterion-Functionalized Copolymers to Prevent Dental Bacterial Adhesion.
In this manuscript, we report the synthesis of zwitterionic copolymers and their ability to form antifouling coatings on porous hydroxyapatite as a mimic of dental coatings. Specifically, we systemati...
Recent Developments in the Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion as Promising Anti-Virulence Strategy.
Infectious diseases caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains have become a serious threat to global health, with a high social and economic impact. Multi-resistant bacteria exhibit various mechanisms...