{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Paralysie pseudobulbaire : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes",
"headline": "Paralysie pseudobulbaire : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements",
"description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Paralysie pseudobulbaire : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.",
"datePublished": "2024-02-02",
"dateModified": "2025-04-27",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"medicalAudience": [
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Grand public",
"audienceType": "Patient",
"healthCondition": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Paralysie pseudobulbaire"
},
"suggestedMinAge": 18,
"suggestedGender": "unisex"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Médecins",
"audienceType": "Physician",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "France"
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Chercheurs",
"audienceType": "Researcher",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "International"
}
}
],
"reviewedBy": {
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Dr Olivier Menir",
"jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine",
"description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale",
"url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html",
"alumniOf": {
"@type": "EducationalOrganization",
"name": "Université Paris Descartes"
}
},
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Paralysie",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D010243",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Paralysie",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D010243",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "C23.888.592.636"
}
}
},
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"alternateName": "Pseudobulbar Palsy",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D020828",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
}
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Kenjiro Kunieda",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Kenjiro%20Kunieda",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, JPN."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Tomohisa Ohno",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Tomohisa%20Ohno",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Dentistry, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Hamamatsu, JPN."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Ichiro Fujishima",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Ichiro%20Fujishima",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Hamamatsu, JPN."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Victor Kekere",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Victor%20Kekere",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Psychiatry, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Patrice Fouron",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Patrice%20Fouron",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Psychiatry, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA."
}
}
],
"citation": [
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Impact of Nonthermal Plasma on Lipid Oxidation from the Perspective of Plasma Treatment Parameters and Plasma Species: Identification of Key Reactive Species.",
"datePublished": "2023-09-18",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37723886",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03706"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Performance evaluation of the Aptima CMV quant assay using plasma and non-plasma samples.",
"datePublished": "2023-04-23",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37126896",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105467"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Comparison of safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma with fresh frozen plasma in severe covid-19 patients.",
"datePublished": "2022-09-09",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36102392",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1590/0001-3765202220210202"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Clinical Benefits of Early Concurrent Use of Cryoprecipitate and Plasma Compared With Plasma Only in Bleeding Trauma Patients.",
"datePublished": "2022-07-17",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35759689",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1097/CCM.0000000000005596"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Plasma collection and supply in Europe: Proceedings of an International Plasma and Fractionation Association and European Blood Alliance symposium.",
"datePublished": "2023-07-18",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37463772",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1111/vox.13491"
}
}
],
"breadcrumb": {
"@type": "BreadcrumbList",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 1,
"name": "questionsmedicales.fr",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 2,
"name": "États, signes et symptômes pathologiques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013568"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 3,
"name": "Signes et symptômes",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D012816"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 4,
"name": "Manifestations neurologiques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D009461"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 5,
"name": "Paralysie",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D010243"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 6,
"name": "Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828"
}
]
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Article complet : Paralysie pseudobulbaire - Questions et réponses",
"headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.",
"datePublished": "2025-05-17",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Diagnostic",
"headline": "Diagnostic sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Comment diagnostique-t-on la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nQuels tests sont utilisés pour le diagnostic ?\nQuels symptômes aident au diagnostic ?\nLa paralysie pseudobulbaire est-elle toujours associée à d'autres maladies ?\nPeut-on confondre cette paralysie avec d'autres troubles ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828?mesh_terms=Plasma#section-diagnostic"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Symptômes",
"headline": "Symptômes sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Quels sont les principaux symptômes de la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nLa difficulté à parler est-elle un symptôme courant ?\nLes patients ressentent-ils de la douleur ?\nY a-t-il des variations dans les symptômes ?\nLes symptômes peuvent-ils s'aggraver avec le temps ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828?mesh_terms=Plasma#section-symptômes"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Prévention",
"headline": "Prévention sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Peut-on prévenir la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nComment réduire le risque de paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nLes AVC peuvent-ils être prévenus ?\nLa réhabilitation précoce aide-t-elle à prévenir la paralysie ?\nLes habitudes alimentaires influencent-elles le risque ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828?mesh_terms=Plasma#section-prévention"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Traitements",
"headline": "Traitements sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Quels traitements sont disponibles pour la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nLa rééducation est-elle utile ?\nLes médicaments peuvent-ils réduire les symptômes ?\nY a-t-il des traitements non médicamenteux ?\nLes traitements sont-ils efficaces pour tous les patients ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828?mesh_terms=Plasma#section-traitements"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Complications",
"headline": "Complications sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir avec la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nLa dépression est-elle une complication fréquente ?\nLes complications affectent-elles la qualité de vie ?\nY a-t-il des risques d'isolement social ?\nLes complications peuvent-elles être traitées ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828?mesh_terms=Plasma#section-complications"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Facteurs de risque",
"headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Paralysie pseudobulbaire",
"description": "Quels sont les principaux facteurs de risque ?\nL'âge influence-t-il le risque de paralysie pseudobulbaire ?\nLes antécédents familiaux jouent-ils un rôle ?\nLe mode de vie peut-il influencer le risque ?\nLes maladies cardiovasculaires sont-elles un facteur de risque ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D020828?mesh_terms=Plasma#section-facteurs de risque"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "FAQPage",
"mainEntity": [
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment diagnostique-t-on la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 1,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le diagnostic repose sur l'examen clinique et l'évaluation des symptômes neurologiques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels tests sont utilisés pour le diagnostic ?",
"position": 2,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des tests d'imagerie cérébrale comme l'IRM peuvent être utilisés pour identifier les lésions."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels symptômes aident au diagnostic ?",
"position": 3,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les symptômes incluent des accès de rire ou de pleurs inappropriés et des troubles de la parole."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "La paralysie pseudobulbaire est-elle toujours associée à d'autres maladies ?",
"position": 4,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Elle est souvent associée à des maladies neurologiques comme la sclérose en plaques ou les AVC."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Peut-on confondre cette paralysie avec d'autres troubles ?",
"position": 5,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, elle peut être confondue avec d'autres troubles affectant le contrôle émotionnel et moteur."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les principaux symptômes de la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 6,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les principaux symptômes incluent des crises de rire ou de pleurs incontrôlables."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "La difficulté à parler est-elle un symptôme courant ?",
"position": 7,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les patients peuvent éprouver des difficultés à articuler et à contrôler leur voix."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les patients ressentent-ils de la douleur ?",
"position": 8,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "La paralysie pseudobulbaire ne cause généralement pas de douleur physique, mais des malaises émotionnels."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des variations dans les symptômes ?",
"position": 9,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les symptômes peuvent varier en intensité et en fréquence d'un patient à l'autre."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les symptômes peuvent-ils s'aggraver avec le temps ?",
"position": 10,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, sans traitement, les symptômes peuvent s'aggraver et affecter la qualité de vie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Peut-on prévenir la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 11,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Il n'existe pas de méthode de prévention spécifique, mais la gestion des maladies sous-jacentes peut aider."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment réduire le risque de paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 12,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Adopter un mode de vie sain et traiter les affections neurologiques peut réduire le risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les AVC peuvent-ils être prévenus ?",
"position": 13,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, en contrôlant les facteurs de risque comme l'hypertension et le diabète, on peut réduire les AVC."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "La réhabilitation précoce aide-t-elle à prévenir la paralysie ?",
"position": 14,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, une réhabilitation précoce après un AVC ou une lésion cérébrale peut aider à prévenir la paralysie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les habitudes alimentaires influencent-elles le risque ?",
"position": 15,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, une alimentation équilibrée peut contribuer à la santé neurologique et réduire les risques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels traitements sont disponibles pour la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 16,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les traitements incluent des médicaments comme les antidépresseurs et la thérapie comportementale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "La rééducation est-elle utile ?",
"position": 17,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, la rééducation orthophonique peut aider à améliorer les capacités de communication."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les médicaments peuvent-ils réduire les symptômes ?",
"position": 18,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, certains médicaments peuvent réduire la fréquence et l'intensité des épisodes émotionnels."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des traitements non médicamenteux ?",
"position": 19,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des approches comme la thérapie psychologique peuvent également être bénéfiques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les traitements sont-ils efficaces pour tous les patients ?",
"position": 20,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "L'efficacité des traitements peut varier selon les individus et la gravité des symptômes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir avec la paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 21,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les complications incluent des troubles de la déglutition et des problèmes de communication."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "La dépression est-elle une complication fréquente ?",
"position": 22,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les patients peuvent développer une dépression en raison de l'impact émotionnel de la maladie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les complications affectent-elles la qualité de vie ?",
"position": 23,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les complications peuvent significativement altérer la qualité de vie des patients."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des risques d'isolement social ?",
"position": 24,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les difficultés de communication peuvent entraîner un isolement social pour les patients."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les complications peuvent-elles être traitées ?",
"position": 25,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Certaines complications peuvent être gérées avec des traitements appropriés et un soutien."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les principaux facteurs de risque ?",
"position": 26,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les AVC, les maladies neurodégénératives et les traumatismes crâniens sont des facteurs de risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "L'âge influence-t-il le risque de paralysie pseudobulbaire ?",
"position": 27,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, le risque augmente avec l'âge, surtout chez les personnes âgées ayant des antécédents médicaux."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les antécédents familiaux jouent-ils un rôle ?",
"position": 28,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, des antécédents familiaux de maladies neurologiques peuvent augmenter le risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le mode de vie peut-il influencer le risque ?",
"position": 29,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, un mode de vie sédentaire et une mauvaise alimentation peuvent augmenter le risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les maladies cardiovasculaires sont-elles un facteur de risque ?",
"position": 30,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les maladies cardiovasculaires augmentent le risque de paralysie pseudobulbaire par AVC."
}
}
]
}
]
}
From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University; and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Centre, Canada. michael.shevell@muhc.mcgill.ca.
Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4007, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
Faculty of Medicine (JPL), McGill University, Montreal, QC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MO, MS), McGill University, Montreal, QC; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (MO, PN, MS), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC; Department of Pediatrics (JA), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; Janeway Children's Hospital (DB), St. John's, NL; Department of Paediatrics (DF), University of Toronto, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, ON; Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences (AK), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB; Centre de réadaptation Marie Enfant du CHU Sainte-Justine (LK), Montreal, QC; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (NP), Sherbrooke, QC; BC Children's Hospital (EvR), Vancouver, BC; and IWK Health Centre (EW), Halifax, NS, Canada.
Clinical Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin 300380, China; National Clinical Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300380.
Clinical Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin 300380, China; National Clinical Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300380.
Clinical Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin 300380, China; National Clinical Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300380.
Clinical Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin 300380, China; National Clinical Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300380.
Nonthermal plasma is a mild processing technology for food preservation. Its impact on lipid oxidation was investigated in this study. Stripped methylesters were considered as a basic lipid model syst...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has a major negative impact on transplantation and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Quantitation of CMV infections using...
The analytical performance of the assay was assessed using commercially available CMV reference panels that meet the 1st WHO International Standard for Human Cytomegalovirus for nucleic acid amplifica...
The 95% LOD of the Aptima assay was determined to be 50 IU/mL and 200 IU/mL for the MGB CMV assay. A strong linear correlation with the reference panel (R...
The Aptima CMV assay is both sensitive and accurate in quantifying CMV in both plasma and non-plasma specimens on the fully automated Panther system....
Role of Convalescent plasma (COPLA) to treat severe COVID-19 is under investigation. We compared efficacy and safety of COPLA with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in severe COVID-19 patients....
One group received COPLA with standard medical care (n = 14), and another group received random donor FFP, as control with standard medical care (n = 15) in severe COVID-19 disease....
The proportion of patients free of ventilation at day seven were 78.5% in COPLA group, and 93.3 % in control group were not significant (p= 0.258). However, improved respiratory rate, O2 saturation, S...
The effectiveness of cryoprecipitate (Cryo) in trauma has not been well established; the benefits of Cryo might have been overestimated in previous studies since the difference in the total amount of ...
Retrospective cohort study....
The American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database between 2015 and 2019....
Patients who received greater than or equal to 5 units of packed RBCs and at least 1 unit of FFP within the first 4 hours after arrival to a hospital were included and dichotomized according to whethe...
None....
The outcomes of patients treated with Cryo and FFP were compared with those treated with FFP only using propensity score-matching analysis. The dose of administered clotting factors in each group was ...
Cryo use combined with FFP was significantly associated with reduced mortality in bleeding trauma patients. Future randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these results....
At the symposium organized by the International Plasma and Fractionation Association and European Blood Alliance, experts presented their views and experiences showing that the public sector and its b...
A biochemical way to measure seizures would greatly benefit epilepsy research and clinical follow-up. Short-term biomarkers like lactate exist, and interest in biomarkers representative of longer-term...
A proteomic analysis was performed on plasma samples of 120 persons with seizures using the Olink Neuro-exploratory panel. Participants were selected from a regional biobank study in Västra Götaland (...
We identified significant differences in protein levels between the recent seizure and seizure-free patient groups for Cadherin-15 [(CDH15; p = 0.008)], Latent transforming growth factor beta-binding ...
The findings in this study present CDH15, LTBP3, PHOSPHO1 and PAEP as candidate markers of seizure activity. Further confirmatory studies are needed....
To address a national concern over the sufficiency of plasma, Canadian Blood Services (CBS) initiated a proof-of-concept programme with three new source plasma collection centres, aiming to demonstrat...
One-hundred and one qualitative interviews with source plasma donors in three new source plasma centres in Canada were carried out....
CBS played a critical role in motivating whole-blood donors to switch to plasma donation by building on their identity as a donor and facilitating access. Community was central to ensuring that donors...
Campaigns to convert existing blood donors to plasma donors should build on their identity as a donor and structure the centre as a safe and welcoming place. To retain donors, blood collection agencie...
As the first step of metabolomic analysis in biomarker identification studies, various types of blood collection tubes are used in clinical practice. However, little attention is paid to potential con...
Pregnancy at advanced maternal age (AMA) is a condition of potential risk for the development of maternal-fetal complications with possible repercussions even in the long term. Here, we analyzed the c...
From producing individual blood components for transfusion to the removal of pathogenic substances, apheresis is a cornerstone of modern medical therapies. The use of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE)...