Risk stratification tools for heart failure in the diabetes clinic.

The advent of Sodium Glucose Transporter 2-inhibitors (SGLT2-i) in recent years gave endocrinologists the opportunity to actively treat and prevent heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While the relationship between T2DM and HF has been extensively reviewed, previous works focused mostly on epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment of HF in T2DM. The aim of our work was to aid health care professionals in identifying individuals at high risk for this dreadful complication. Recent guidelines recommend to use drugs with proven cardiovascular benefits (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) and SGLT2-i) in patients with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to prefer SGLT2-i in patients with known HF. In everyday clinical practice, the choice between these two drug classes in patients without known HF or atherosclerotic CVD is mostly arbitrary and based on the side effect profile. Recently, risk stratification tools to estimate HF incidence have been developed in order to guide treatment with a view to bring precision medicine into diabetes care. With this purpose, we provide a review of the tools able to predict HF incidence for patients in primary CVD prevention as well as risk of future hospitalizations for patients with known HF.

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Copyright © 2020 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.