A hotspot of Toxoplasma gondii Africa 1 lineage in Benin: How new genotypes from West Africa contribute to understand the parasite genetic diversity worldwide.
Africa, Western
/ epidemiology
Animals
Benin
Chickens
/ parasitology
Commerce
Europe
/ epidemiology
Genetic Variation
Genetics, Population
Genotype
Geography
Humans
Mice
/ parasitology
Microsatellite Repeats
Phylogeny
Phylogeography
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Poultry Diseases
/ parasitology
Toxoplasma
/ genetics
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
/ parasitology
Journal
PLoS neglected tropical diseases
ISSN: 1935-2735
Titre abrégé: PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101291488
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
02 2021
02 2021
Historique:
received:
02
07
2020
accepted:
12
11
2020
revised:
24
02
2021
pubmed:
12
2
2021
medline:
22
6
2021
entrez:
11
2
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Through international trades, Europe, Africa and South America share a long history of exchanges, potentially of pathogens. We used the worldwide parasite Toxoplasma gondii to test the hypothesis of a historical influence on pathogen genetic diversity in Benin, a West African country with a longstanding sea trade history. In Africa, T. gondii spatial structure is still non-uniformly studied and very few articles have reported strain genetic diversity in fauna and clinical forms of human toxoplasmosis so far, even in African diaspora. Sera from 758 domestic animals (mainly poultry) in two coastal areas (Cotonou and Ouidah) and two inland areas (Parakou and Natitingou) were tested for T. gondii antibodies using a Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). The hearts and brains of 69 seropositive animals were collected for parasite isolation in a mouse bioassay. Forty-five strains were obtained and 39 genotypes could be described via 15-microsatellite genotyping, with a predominance of the autochthonous African lineage Africa 1 (36/39). The remaining genotypes were Africa 4 variant TUB2 (1/39) and two identical isolates (clone) of Type III (2/39). No difference in terms of genotype distribution between inland and coastal sampling sites was found. In particular, contrarily to what has been described in Senegal, no type II (mostly present in Europe) was isolated in poultry from coastal cities. This result seems to refute a possible role of European maritime trade in Benin despite it was one of the most important hubs during the slave trade period. However, the presence of the Africa 1 genotype in Brazil, predominant in Benin, and genetic analyses suggest that the triangular trade was a route for the intercontinental dissemination of genetic strains from Africa to South America. This supports the possibility of contamination in humans and animals with potentially imported virulent strains.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33571262
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008980
pii: PNTD-D-20-01195
pmc: PMC7904144
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e0008980Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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