Microbial and physicochemical assessment of irrigation water treatment methods.
E. coli
coliforms
preharvest agricultural water
produce
treatment
Journal
Journal of applied microbiology
ISSN: 1365-2672
Titre abrégé: J Appl Microbiol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9706280
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
revised:
09
02
2021
received:
15
12
2020
accepted:
14
02
2021
pubmed:
18
2
2021
medline:
13
10
2021
entrez:
17
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The presence of foodborne pathogens in preharvest agricultural water has been identified as a potential contamination source in outbreak investigations, driving markets and auditing bodies to begin requiring water treatment for high-risk produce. Therefore, it is essential that we identify water treatment methods which are effective as well as practical in their application on farm. In this work, we evaluated two sanitizers which are most prominent in preharvest agricultural water treatment (calcium hypochlorite (free chlorine: 3-5 ppm) and peracetic acid (PAA: 5 ppm)), an EPA registered antimicrobial device (ultraviolet light (UV)), in addition to a combination approach (chlorine + UV, PAA + UV). Treatments were evaluated for their ability to inactivate total coliforms and generic Escherichia coli and consistency in treatment efficacy over 1 h of operation. Physicochemical variables were measured along with microbial populations at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min of operation. Escherichia coli and coliform counts showed a significant (P < 0·05) reduction after treatment, with combination and singular treatments equally effective at inactivating E. coli and coliforms. A significant increase (P < 0·05) in oxidation-reduction potential was seen during water treatment (Chlorine; UV + Chlorine), and a significant reduction (P < 0·05) in pH was seen after PAA and PAA + UV treatments (60 min). Overall, the results indicate that all treatments evaluated are equally efficacious for inactivating E. coli and coliforms present in surface agricultural water. This information when paired with challenge studies targeting foodborne pathogens of interest can be used to support grower decisions when selecting and validating a preharvest agricultural water treatment programme.
Substances chimiques
Calcium Compounds
0
Disinfectants
0
calcium hypochlorite
11DXB629VZ
Chlorine
4R7X1O2820
Peracetic Acid
I6KPI2E1HD
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1555-1562Subventions
Organisme : Agricultural Research Service
ID : Crop Block Grant K2543
Informations de copyright
© 2021 The Society for Applied Microbiology.
Références
Adhikari, A., Estrada, K., Chhetri, V., Janes, M., Fontenot, K. and Beaulieu, J. (2020) Evaluation of ultraviolet (UV-C) light treatment for microbial inactivation in agricultural waters with different levels of turbidity. Food Sci Nutr 8, 1237-1243.
Bauder, T., Waaskom, R., Sutherland, P. and Davis, J. (2014) Irrigation water quality criteria. Crop series-irrigation. Fact sheet no. 506.
Bennett, S., Littrell, K., Hill, T. and Havoic, M. (2014) Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990-2010: a recurring public health problem. Epidemiol Infect 143, 1352-1359.
Berry, E., Wells, J., Bono, J., Woodbury, B., Kalchayanand, N., Norman, K., Suslow, T., Lopz-Velasco, G. et al. (2015) Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990-2010: a recurring public health problem. Appl Environ Microbiol 81, 1101-1110.
California LGMA (2019) Commodity specific food safety guidelines for the production and harvest of lettuce and leafy greens. https://lgmaassets.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/downloads/190419-CA-LGMA-Metrics_Accessible_0605.pdf
Cantor, K. P. (1994) Water chlorination, mutagenicity, and cancer epidemiology. Am J Public Health 84, 1211-1213.
Edge, T.A., El-Shaarawi, A.V., Gannon, C., Jokinen, R., Kent, J. and Khan, I. (2012) Investigation of an Escherichia coli environmental benchmark for waterborne pathogens in agricultural watersheds in Canada. J Environ Qual 41, 21-30.
Field, K.G. and Samadpour, M. (2007) Fecal source tracking, the indicator paradigm, and managing water quality. Water Res 41, 3517-3538.
Food and Drug Administration (2019) Investigation summary: factors potentially contributing to the contamination of romaine lettuce implicated in the fall 2018 multi-state outbreak of E. coli O157:H7. https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/investigation-summary-factors-potentially-contributing-contamination-romaine-lettuce-implicated-fall
Gelting, R., Baloch, M., Zarate-Bermudez, M. and Selman, C. (2011) Irrigation water issues potentially related to the 2006 multistate E. coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with spinach. Agric Water Manag 98, 1395-1402.
Harris, L., Farber, J., Beuchat, L., Parish, M., Suslow, T., Garrett, E. and Busta, F. (2003) Outbreaks associated with fresh produce: incidence, growth, and survival of pathogens in fresh and fresh-cut produce. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2, 78-141.
Havelaar, A., Vasquez, K., Topalcengiz, Z., Munoz-Carpena, R. and Danyluk, M. (2017) Evaluating the U.S food safety modernization act produce safety rule standard for microbial quality of agricultural water for growing produce. J Food Prot 80, 1832-1841.
Hurst, C.J. (2001) Disinfection of water: drinking water, recreational water and wastewater. In Disinfection, sterilization and preservation ed. Block, S.S. (5th edn). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 1023-1047.
Imanishi, M., Manikonda, K., Murthy, B. and Gould, L. (2014) Factors contributing to decline in foodborne disease outbreak reports, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 20, 1551-1553.
Ityel, E., Lazarovitch, N., Silberbush, M. and Ben-Gal, A. (2012) An artificial capillary barrier to improve root-zone conditions for horticultural crops: Response of pepper plants to matric head and irrigation water salinity. Agricultural Water Management, 105, 13-20.
Jamil, M., Bashir, S., Anwar, S., Bibi, S., Bangash, A., Ullah, F. and Shikrha, E. (2012) Effect of salinity on physiological and biochemical characteristics of different varieties of rice. Pak J Bot 44, 7-13.
Johannessen, G., Wennberg, A., Nesheim, I. and Tryland, I. (2015) Diverse land use and the impact on (irrigation) water quality and need for measures - a case study of a Norwegian river. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12, 6979-7001.
Jung, Y. and Matthews, K. (2014) Effect of the food production chain from farm practices to vegetable processing on outbreak incidence. Microb Biotech 7, 517-527.
Keller, R., Pssamani-Franca, R., Passamani, F., Vaz, L., Cassini, S., Sherrer, N., Rubim, K. and Sant’Ana, T.. and et al.(2004) Pathogen removal efficiency from UASB + BF effluent using conventional and UV post-treatment systems. Water SciTechnol 50, 1-6.
Kitis, M. (2004) Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: a review. Environ Int 30, 47-55.
Liang, H., Tian, J., He, W., Han, H., Chen, Z. and Li, G. (2009) Combined peroxidation by permanganate and chlorine in enhancing the treatment of surface water. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 84, 1229-1233.
Liberti, L., Lopez, A. and Notarnicola, M. (2007) Disinfection with peracetic acid for domestic sewage re-use in agriculture. Water Environ J 13, 262-269.
Lopez-Velasco, G., Tomas-Callejas, A., Sbodio, A., Artes-Hernandez, F. and Suslow, T. (2012) Chlorine dioxide dose, water quality and temperature affect the oxidative status of tomato processing water and its ability to inactivate Salmonella. Food Control 26, 28-35.
Lubello, C., Gori, R., Francesco, N. and Francesco, F. (2004) Municipal treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation. Water Res 38, 2939-2947.
Luca, G., Sacchetti, R., Zanetti, F. and Leoni, E. (2008) Comparative study on the efficiency of peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide at low doses in the disinfection of urban wastewaters. Ann Agric Environ Med 15, 217-224.
Lynch, M., Tauxe, R. and Hedberg, C. (2009) The growing burden of foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated fresh produce: risks and opportunities. Epidemiol Infect 2009, 307-315.
McEgan, R., Mootian, G., Goodridge, L., Schaffner, D. and Danyluk, M. (2013) Predicting salmonella populations from biological, chemical, and physical indicators in Florida surface waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 79, 4094-4105.
Montemayor, M., Costan, A., Lucena, F., Jofre, J., Munoz, J., Dalmau, E., Mujeriego, R. and Sala, L. (2008) The combined performance of UV light and chlorine during reclaimed water disinfection. Water Sci Technol 57, 935-940.
Munns, R. (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ 2525, 239-250.
Murray, K., Wu, F., Shi, J., Xue, S. and Warriner, K. (2017) Challenges in the microbiological food safety of fresh produce: limitations of post-harvest washing and the need for alternative interventions. Food Quality Saf 1, 289-301.
Nasser, A, Paulman, H, Sela, O, Ktaitzer, T, Cikurel, H, Zuckerman, I, Meir, A, Aharoni, A & Adin, A(2006) UV disinfection of wastewater effluents for unrestricted irrigation. Water Sci Technol, 54(3), 83-88.
Natvig, E., Ingham, S., Ingham, B., Cooperband, L. and Roper, T. (2002) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli contamination of root and leaf vegetables grown in soils with incorporated bovine manure. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, 2737-2744.
Parakseva, P. and Graham, N. (2005) Treatment of a secondary municipal effluent by ozone, UV and microfiltration: microbial reduction and effect on effluent quality. Desalination 186, 47-56.
Park, S., Navratil, S., Gregory, A., Bauer, A., Srinath, I., Jun, M., Szonyi, B., Nightingale, K. et al. (2014) Generic Escherichia coli contamination of spinach at the preharvest stage: effects of farm management and environmental factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 79, 4347-4358.
Partyka, M., Bond, R., Chase, J., Kiger, C. and Atwill, E. (2016) Multistate evaluation of microbial water and sediment quality from agricultural recovery basins. J Environ Quality 45, 657-665.
Partyka, M., Bond, R. and Chase, J. (2018) Spatiotemporal variability in microbial quality of western US agricultural water supplies: a multistate study. J Environ Quality 47, 939-948.
Reis, M., Coelho, L., Santos, G., Kienle, U. and Beltrao, J. (2015) Yield response of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) to the salinity of irrigation water. Agric Water Manag 152, 217-221.
Robbs, P., Bartz, J. and Sargent, S. (1995) Oxidation-reduction potential of chlorine solutions and their toxicity to Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Geotrichum candidum. Plant Dis 79, 158-162.
Romanovski, V., Claesson, P. and Hedberg, Y. (2020) Comparison of different surface disinfection treatments of drinking water facilities from a corrosion and environmental perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 12704-12716.
Sacks, R., Yi, S. and Nonas, C. (2015) Increasing access to fruits and vegetables: perspectives from the New York City experience. Am J Public Health 105, 29-37.
Salcedo, I., Andraded, J., Quiroga, J. and Nebotm, E. (2007) Photoreactivation and dark repair in UV-treated microorganisms: effect of temperature. Appl Environ Microbiol 73, 1594-1600.
Samuel, M., Vugia, D., Shallow, S., Marcus, R., Segler, S., McGivern, T., Kassenborg, H., Kennedy, M. et al. (2004) Epidemiology of sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States and declining trend in incidence, Food Net 1996-1999. Clin Infect Dis 38, S165-174.
Santoro, D., Gehr, R., Bartrand, T., Liberti, L., Notarnicola, M., Dell’Erba, A., Falsanisi, D. and Hass, C. (2007) Wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid: assessment of models for tracking residual measurements and inactivation. Water Environ Res 79, 775-787.
Savichtcheva, O. and Okabe, S. (2006) Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Res 40, 2463-2476.
Shen, X., Sheng, L., Gao, H., Hanrahan, I., Suslow, T. and Zhu, M. (2019) Enhanced efficacy of peroxyacetic acid against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh apples at elevated temperature. Front Microbiol 10, 1-9.
Sherman-Wood, R. and Tikekar, R. (2019) Decontamination of irrigation water using a combined sand filtration and UV-C light treatment. J Food Saf 40, 1-10.
Solaiman, S., Allard, S., Callahan, M., Jiang, C., Handy, E., East, C., Haymaker, J., Bui, A. et al. (2020) Longitudinal assessment of the dynamics of Escherichia coli, total coliforms, Enterococcus spp., and Aeromonas spp. in alternative irrigation water sources: a CONSERVE Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 86, 1-20.
Steele, M. and Odumeru, J. (2004) Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. J Food Prot 67, 2839-2849.
Stewart, D., Reineke, K., Ulaszek, J. and Tortorello, M. (2001) Growth of Salmonella during sprouting of Alfalfa seeds associated with salmonellosis outbreaks. J Food Prot 64, 618-622.
Truitt, L., Vazquez, K., Pfuntner, R., Rideout, S., Havelaar, A. and Strawn, L. (2018) Microbial quality of agricultural water used in produce preharvest production on the eastern shore of Virginia. J Food Protect 81, 1661-1672.
U.S Food and Drug Administration (2013) Environmental assessment: factors potentially contributing to the contamination of fresh whole cantaloupe implicated in a multi-state outbreak of Salmonellosis. http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114155057/h
U.S Food and Drug Administration (2015) Final qualitative assessment of risk to public health from on-farm contamination of produce. https://www.fda.gov/media/116766/download
Uyak, V. (2006) Multi-pathway risk assessment of trihalomethanes exposure in Istanbul drinking water supplies. Environ Int 32, 12-21.
Villaneuva, M., Luna, M., Gil, M. and Allende, A. (2015) Ultrasound treatments improve the microbiological quality of water reservoirs used for the irrigation of fresh produce. Food Res Int 75, 140-147.
World Health Organization(2008) Microbiological hazards in fresh fruits and vegetables. 1-25. https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/micro/MRA_FruitVeges.pdf.