Characterizing Sleep Problems in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication.
16p11.2
Autism spectrum disorder
Genetics
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Sleep
Journal
Journal of autism and developmental disorders
ISSN: 1573-3432
Titre abrégé: J Autism Dev Disord
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7904301
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Apr 2023
Apr 2023
Historique:
accepted:
24
09
2021
medline:
4
4
2023
pubmed:
12
10
2021
entrez:
11
10
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Studies of 16p11.2 copy number variants (CNVs) provide an avenue to identify mechanisms of impairment and develop targeted treatments for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. 16p11.2 deletion and duplication phenotypes are currently being ascertained; however, sleep disturbances are minimally described. In this study, we examine sleep disturbance in a well-characterized national sample of 16p11.2 CNVs, the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) database of youth and adults (n = 692). Factor analyses and multilevel models of derived sleep questionnaires for youth (n = 345) and adults (n = 347) indicate that 16p11.2 carriers show elevated sleep disturbance relative to community controls. Non-carrier family members also show elevated sleep disturbance. However, sleep duration does not differ between carriers and controls. Further studies of sleep in 16p11.2 are needed.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34633643
doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05311-2
pii: 10.1007/s10803-021-05311-2
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1462-1475Subventions
Organisme : Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
ID : UH2DE025980
Organisme : Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
ID : UL1TR002733
Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Acock, A. C. (2005). Working with missing values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1012–1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00191.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00191.x
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Angelakos, C. C., Watson, A. J., O’Brien, T., Krainock, K. S., Nickl-Jockschat, T., & Abel, T. (2017). Hyperactivity and male-specific sleep deficits in the 16p11.2 deletion mouse model of autism. Autism Research, 10, 572–584. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1707
doi: 10.1002/aur.1707
pubmed: 27739237
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., & Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, U.S., 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 67, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
pubmed: 29701730
pmcid: 5919599
Bazzano, A., Wolfe, C., Zylowska, L., Wang, S., Schuster, E., Barrett, C., & Lehrer, D. (2015). Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) for parents and caregivers of individuals with developmental disabilities: A community-based approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9836-9
doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9836-9
Beauchaine, T. P., & Constantino, J. N. (2017). Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity. Biomarkers in Medicine, 11, 769–780. https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2017-0002
doi: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0002
pubmed: 28891303
pmcid: 5771461
Beauchaine, T. P., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2020). RDoC and psychopathology among youth: Misplaced assumptions and an agenda for future research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49, 322–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1750022
doi: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1750022
pubmed: 32525746
pmcid: 7495028
Betancur, C. (2011). Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: More than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain Research, 1380, 42–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.078
doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.078
pubmed: 21129364
Chervin, R. D., Hedger, K., Dillon, J. E., & Pituch, K. J. (2000). Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): Validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems. Sleep Medicine, 1, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9457(99)00009-X
doi: 10.1016/S1389-9457(99)00009-X
pubmed: 10733617
Cohen, S., Fulcher, B. D., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Conduit, R., Sullivan, J. P., St. Hilaire, M. A., & Lockley, S. W. (2018). Sleep patterns predictive of daytime challenging behavior in individuals with low-functioning autism. Autism Research, 11, 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1899
doi: 10.1002/aur.1899
pubmed: 29197172
Constantino, J. N. (2002). Social responsiveness scale – adult version (SRS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Constantino, J. N. & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social responsiveness scale (SRS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
D’Angelo, D., Lebon, S., Chen, Q., Martin-Brevet, S., Green Snyder, L., Hippolyte, L., & Chung, W. K. (2016). Defining the effect of the 16p11.2 duplication on cognition, behavior, and medical comorbidities. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2123
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2123
pubmed: 26629640
pmcid: 5894477
DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mîndrilă, D. (2009). Understanding and using factor scores: Considerations for the applied researcher. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.7275/da8t-4g52
doi: 10.7275/da8t-4g52
Duyzend, M. H., & Eichler, E. E. (2015). Genotype-first analysis of the 16p11.2 deletion defines a new type of “autism.” Biological Psychiatry, 77, 769–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.032
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.032
pubmed: 25843334
pmcid: 4657856
Elliott, C. D. (2007). Differential ability scales (2nd ed.). Harcourt Assessment Inc.
Esler, A. N., Hus Bal, V., Guthrie, W., Wetherby, A., Ellis Weismer, S., & Lord, C. (2015). The autism diagnostic observation schedule, toddler module: Standardized severity scores. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2704–2720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2432-7
doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2432-7
pubmed: 25832801
pmcid: 4898775
España, R. A., & Scammell, T. E. (2011). Sleep neurobiology from a clinical perspective. Sleep, 34, 845–858. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1112
doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1112
pubmed: 21731134
pmcid: 3119826
Fernandez, B. A., Roberts, W., Chung, B., Weksberg, R., Meyn, S., Szatmari, P., & Scherer, S. W. (2010). Phenotypic spectrum associated with de novo and inherited deletions and duplications at 16p11.2 in individuals ascertained for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Medical Genetics, 47, 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.2009.069369
doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.069369
pubmed: 19755429
Geschwind, D. H. (2008). Autism: Many genes, common pathways? Cell, 135, 391–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.016
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.016
pubmed: 18984147
pmcid: 2756410
Geschwind, D. H. (2011). Genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Trends in Cognitive Science, 15, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.003
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.003
Gold, A. K., & Sylvia, L. G. (2016). The role of sleep in bipolar disorder. Nature and Science of Sleep, 8, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S85754
doi: 10.2147/NSS.S85754
pubmed: 27418862
pmcid: 4935164
Goldman, S. E., Richdale, A. L., Clemons, T., & Malow, B. A. (2012). Parental sleep concerns in autism spectrum disorders: Variations from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1270-5
doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1270-5
pubmed: 21538171
Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009). Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3
doi: 10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3
pubmed: 19082876
Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530
doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530
pubmed: 18652544
Green, E. K., Rees, E., Walters, J. T. R., Smith, K.-G., Forty, L., Grozeva, D., & Kirov, G. (2016). Copy number variation in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.174
doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.174
pubmed: 25560756
Green Snyder, L., D’Angelo, D., Chen, Q., Bernier, R., Goin-Kochel, R. P., Stevens Wallace, A., & Hanson, E. (2016). Autism spectrum disorder, developmental and psychiatric features in 16p11.2 duplication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 2734–2748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2807-4
doi: 10.1007/s10803-016-2807-4
pubmed: 27207092
Grondhuis, S. N., Lecavalier, L., Arnold, E., Handen, B. L., Scahill, L., McDougle, C. J., & Aman, M. G. (2018). Differences in verbal and nonverbal IQ test scores in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 49, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.02.001
doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.02.001
Hallet, V., Lecavalier, L., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Cipriano, N., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., & Scahill, L. (2013). Exploring the manifestations of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2341–2352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1775-1
doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1775-1
Hanson, E., Bernier, R., Porche, K., Jackson, F. I., Goin-Kochel, R. P., Green Snyder, L., & Chung, W. K. (2015). The cognitive and behavioral phenotype of the 16p11.2 deletion in a clinically ascertained population. Biological Psychiatry, 77, 785–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.021
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.021
pubmed: 25064419
Hanson, E., Nasir, R. H., Fong, A., Lian, A., Hundley, R., Shen, Y., & Miller, D. T. (2010). Cognitive and behavioral characterization of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 649–657. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181ea50ed
doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181ea50ed
pubmed: 20613623
Harvey, A. G., Murray, G., Chandler, R. A., & Soehner, A. (2011). Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic: Considerations of neurobiological mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.003
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.003
pubmed: 20471738
Hippolyte, L., Maillard, A. M., Rodriguez-Herreros, B., Pain, A., Martin-Brevet, S., Ferrari, C., & Jacquemont, S. (2016). The number of genomic copies at the 16p11.2 locus modulates language, verbal memory, and inhibition. Biological Psychiatry, 80, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.021
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.021
pubmed: 26742926
Hollway, J. A., Aman, M. G., & Butter, E. (2013). Correlates and risk markers for sleep disturbance in participants of the Autism Treatment Network. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2830–2843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1830-y
doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1830-y
pubmed: 23624832
Horev, G., Ellegood, J., Lerch, J. P., Son, Y.-E.E., Muthuswamy, L., & Mills, A. A. (2011). Dosage-dependent phenotypes in models of 16p11.2 lesions found in autism. PNAS, 108, 17076–17081. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114042108
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114042108
pubmed: 21969575
pmcid: 3193230
Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2014). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, module 4: Revised algorithm and standardized severity scores. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1996–2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3
doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3
pubmed: 24590409
pmcid: 4104252
Ingersoll, B., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2011). The relationship between the broader autism phenotype, child severity, and stress and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.017
doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.017
Jacquemont, S., Reymond, A., Zufferey, F., Harewood, L., Walters, R. G., Kutalik, Z., & Froguel, P. (2011). Mirror extreme BMI phenotypes associated with gene dosage at the chromosome 16p11.2 locus. Nature, 478, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10406
doi: 10.1038/nature10406
pubmed: 21881559
pmcid: 3637175
Johansson, A. E. E., Rohay, J. M., & Chasens, E. R. (2018). Psychometric properties of the simons simplex collection sleep interview. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 26, 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.3.453
doi: 10.1891/1061-3749.26.3.453
pubmed: 30593572
Kalkman, H. O. (2012). Potential opposite roles of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in autism spectrum and bipolar disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 2206–2213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.008
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.008
pubmed: 22884480
Kamara, D., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2020). A review of sleep disturbances among infants and children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 7, 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00193-8
doi: 10.1007/s40489-019-00193-8
pubmed: 33344102
Katz, T., Shui, A. M., Johnson, C. R., Richdale, A. L., Reynolds, A. M., Scahill, L., & Malow, B. A. (2018). Modification of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 2629–2641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.005
doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.005
pubmed: 29500758
Kumar, R. A., KaraMohamed, S., Sudi, J., Conrad, D. F., Brune, C., Badner, J. A., & Christian, S. L. (2008). Recurrent 16p11.2 microdeletions in autism. Human Molecular Genetics, 17, 628–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddm376
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddm376
pubmed: 18156158
Lecavalier, L. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: Relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 1101–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0147-5
doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0147-5
pubmed: 16897387
Limoges, É., Mottron, L., Bolduc, C., Berthiaume, C., & Godbout, R. (2005). Atypical sleep architecture and the autism phenotype. Brain, 128, 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh425
doi: 10.1093/brain/awh425
pubmed: 15705609
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Jr., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., & Rutter, M. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005592401947
doi: 10.1023/A:1005592401947
pubmed: 11055457
Lu, H.-C., Pollack, H., Lefante, J. J., Mills, A. A., & Tian, D. (2019). Altered sleep architecture, rapid eye movement sleep, and neural oscillation in a mouse model of human chromosome 16p11.2 microdeletion. Sleep, 42, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy253
doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsy253
Maillard, A. M., Ruef, A., Pizzagalli, F., Migliavacca, E., Hippolyte, L., Adaszewski, S., & Jacquemont, S. (2015). The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity. Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.145
doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.145
pubmed: 25421402
McCarthy, S., Makarov, V., Kirov, G., Addington, A., McClellan, J., Yoon, S., & Sebat, J. (2009). Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature Genetics, 41, 1223–1227. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.474
doi: 10.1038/ng.474
pubmed: 19855392
pmcid: 2951180
Meltzer, L. J. (2017). Future directions in sleep and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46, 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1236727
doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1236727
pubmed: 27880041
Meltzer, L. J., & Mindell, J. A. (2006). Sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 1059–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2006.08.004
doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2006.08.004
pubmed: 17118282
Meltzer, L. J., & Montgomery-Downs, H. E. (2011). Sleep in the family. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58, 765–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.010
doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.010
pubmed: 21600354
pmcid: 3100541
Mong, J. A., & Cusmano, D. M. (2016). Sex differences in sleep: Impact of biological sex and sex steroids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 371, 20150110. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0110
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0110
pubmed: 26833831
Mullen, E. M. (1995). Mullen scales of early learning (AGS). American Guidance Service.
Owens, J. A., Spirito, A., & McGuinn, M. (2000). The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): Psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep, 23, 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1037/t33022-000
doi: 10.1037/t33022-000
pubmed: 11145319
Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research (3rd ed.). Harcourt Brace.
Prinz, P. N., Vitiello, M. V., Raskind, M. A., & Thorpy, M. J. (1990). Sleep disorders and aging. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 520–526. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199008233230805
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199008233230805
pubmed: 2198467
Pucilowska, J., Vithayathil, J., Pagani, M., Kelly, C., Karlo, J. C., Robol, C., & Landreth, G. E. (2018). Pharmacological inhibition of ERK signaling rescues pathophysiology and behavioral phenotype associated with 16p11.2 chromosomal deletion in mice. The Journal of Neuroscience, 38, 6640–6652. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0515-17.2018
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0515-17.2018
pubmed: 29934348
pmcid: 6705960
Qureshi, A. Y., Mueller, S., Snyder, A. Z., Mukherjee, P., Berman, J. I., Roberts, T. P. L., & Buckner, R. L. (2014). Opposing brain differences in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. Neurobiology of Disease, 34, 11199–11211. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1366-14.2014
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1366-14.2014
Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, A. S., Fai, Y. F., Congdon, R. T., & du Toit, M. (2011). HLM 7: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
Reynolds, A. M., & Malow, B. A. (2011). Sleep and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58, 685–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1866-z
doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1866-z
pubmed: 21600349
Samuels, I. S., Saitta, S. C., & Landreth, G. E. (2009). MAP’ing CNS development and cognition: An ERKsome process. Neuron, 61, 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.001
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.001
pubmed: 19186160
pmcid: 3663441
Simons VIP Consortium. (2012). Simons variation in individuals project (Simons VIP): A genetics-first approach to studying autism spectrum and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron, 73, 1063–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.014
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.014
Stefansson, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Steinberg, S., Magnusdottir, B., Morgen, K., Arnarsdottir, S., & Stefansson, K. (2014). CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls. Nature, 505, 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12818
doi: 10.1038/nature12818
pubmed: 24352232
Tabet, A.-C., Pilorge, M., Delorme, R., Amsellem, F., Pinard, J.-M., Leboyer, M., & Betancur, C. (2012). Autism multiplex family with 16p11.2p12.2 microduplication syndrome in monozygotic twins and distal 16p11.2 deletion in their brother. European Journal of Human Genetics, 20, 540–546. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2011.244
doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.244
pubmed: 22234155
pmcid: 3330222
Thapar, A., & Cooper, M. (2013). Copy number variation: What is it and what has it taught us about child psychiatric disorders? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 772–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.013
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.013
Tudor, M. E., Walsh, C. E., Mulder, E. C., & Lerner, M. D. (2015). Pain as a predictor of sleep problems in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 19, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313518994
doi: 10.1177/1362361313518994
Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. The Psychological Corporation.
Weiss, L. A., Shen, Y., Korn, J. M., Arking, D. E., Miller, D. T., Fossdal, R., & Daly, M. J. (2008). Associations between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 667–675. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa075974
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa075974
pubmed: 18184952
Wiggs, L., & Stores, G. (2004). Sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with autistic spectrum disorders: Insights using parent report and actigraphy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 46, 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162204000611
doi: 10.1017/S0012162204000611
pubmed: 15174528
Williams, P. G., Sears, L. L., & Allard, A. (2004). Sleep problems in children with autism. Journal of Sleep Research, 13, 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00405.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00405.x