From genes to shape in leaf development and evolution.

Plant leaves display tremendous variation in shape. Here, we discuss how information obtained from genetics, live imaging and computational modeling has helped conceptualize the ways in which gene activity is translated into different leaf shapes. In this framework, the action of genes on leaf form can be captured as the sum of their effects on the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth, which together produce leaf geometry. We use three different examples to illustrate this point. First, the emergence of complex versus simple leaves in eudicots, which arises from differences in organ-wide growth duration as well as local growth repression at the leaf margin. Second, the development of strap-shaped grass leaves with a broad sheathing base versus the typical eudicot leaves with a narrow petiole, where these features of grass leaves emerged through lateral expansion of the zone of leaf progenitor cells, coupled with later remodeling of growth of early domains of the leaf blade. Third, the formation of insect traps on carnivorous plants that arose through constrained directional growth that produced a 3D deformation. In all the above examples, changes in gene expression of different classes of homeobox genes have contributed to the altered growth patterns underlying these different aspects of leaf shape diversity.

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Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests.