The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code.
Chargaff’s first parity rule
Chargaff’s second parity rule
DNA quadruplet symmetry
asteroid Ryugu
genetic code evolution
genetic code symmetry
standard genetic code table
supersymmetry genetic code table
Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
Titre abrégé: Int J Mol Sci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101092791
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 Jul 2023
27 Jul 2023
Historique:
received:
13
06
2023
revised:
19
07
2023
accepted:
24
07
2023
medline:
14
8
2023
pubmed:
12
8
2023
entrez:
12
8
2023
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA symmetries, and the classification of trinucleotides/codons, all built with the same physiochemical double mirror symmetry and Watson-Crick pairing. We also show that single-stranded RNA had the complete code of life in the form of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table simultaneously with instructions of codons' relationship as to how to develop the DNA molecule on the principle of Watson-Crick pairing. We show that the same symmetries between the genetic code and DNA quadruplet are highly conserved during the whole evolution even between phylogenetically distant organisms. In this way, decreasing disorder and entropy enabled the evolution of living beings up to sophisticated species with cognitive features. Our hypothesis that all twenty amino acids are necessary for the origin of life on the Earth, which entirely changes our view on evolution, confirms the evidence of organic natural amino acids from the extra-terrestrial asteroid Ryugu, which is nearly as old as our solar system.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37569405
pii: ijms241512029
doi: 10.3390/ijms241512029
pmc: PMC10418607
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
DNA
9007-49-2
Codon
0
Amino Acids
0
RNA
63231-63-0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Croatian Science Foundation
ID : IP-2019-042757
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