Higher or Lower Hemoglobin Transfusion Thresholds for Preterm Infants.


Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
31 12 2020
Historique:
entrez: 31 12 2020
pubmed: 1 1 2021
medline: 21 1 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Limited data suggest that higher hemoglobin thresholds for red-cell transfusions may reduce the risk of cognitive delay among extremely-low-birth-weight infants with anemia. We performed an open, multicenter trial in which infants with a birth weight of 1000 g or less and a gestational age between 22 weeks 0 days and 28 weeks 6 days were randomly assigned within 48 hours after delivery to receive red-cell transfusions at higher or lower hemoglobin thresholds until 36 weeks of postmenstrual age or discharge, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was a composite of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (cognitive delay, cerebral palsy, or hearing or vision loss) at 22 to 26 months of age, corrected for prematurity. A total of 1824 infants (mean birth weight, 756 g; mean gestational age, 25.9 weeks) underwent randomization. There was a between-group difference of 1.9 g per deciliter (19 g per liter) in the pretransfusion mean hemoglobin levels throughout the treatment period. Primary outcome data were available for 1692 infants (92.8%). Of 845 infants in the higher-threshold group, 423 (50.1%) died or survived with neurodevelopmental impairment, as compared with 422 of 847 infants (49.8%) in the lower-threshold group (relative risk adjusted for birth-weight stratum and center, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.10; P = 0.93). At 2 years, the higher- and lower-threshold groups had similar incidences of death (16.2% and 15.0%, respectively) and neurodevelopmental impairment (39.6% and 40.3%, respectively). At discharge from the hospital, the incidences of survival without severe complications were 28.5% and 30.9%, respectively. Serious adverse events occurred in 22.7% and 21.7%, respectively. In extremely-low-birth-weight infants, a higher hemoglobin threshold for red-cell transfusion did not improve survival without neurodevelopmental impairment at 22 to 26 months of age, corrected for prematurity. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; TOP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01702805.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Limited data suggest that higher hemoglobin thresholds for red-cell transfusions may reduce the risk of cognitive delay among extremely-low-birth-weight infants with anemia.
METHODS
We performed an open, multicenter trial in which infants with a birth weight of 1000 g or less and a gestational age between 22 weeks 0 days and 28 weeks 6 days were randomly assigned within 48 hours after delivery to receive red-cell transfusions at higher or lower hemoglobin thresholds until 36 weeks of postmenstrual age or discharge, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was a composite of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (cognitive delay, cerebral palsy, or hearing or vision loss) at 22 to 26 months of age, corrected for prematurity.
RESULTS
A total of 1824 infants (mean birth weight, 756 g; mean gestational age, 25.9 weeks) underwent randomization. There was a between-group difference of 1.9 g per deciliter (19 g per liter) in the pretransfusion mean hemoglobin levels throughout the treatment period. Primary outcome data were available for 1692 infants (92.8%). Of 845 infants in the higher-threshold group, 423 (50.1%) died or survived with neurodevelopmental impairment, as compared with 422 of 847 infants (49.8%) in the lower-threshold group (relative risk adjusted for birth-weight stratum and center, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.10; P = 0.93). At 2 years, the higher- and lower-threshold groups had similar incidences of death (16.2% and 15.0%, respectively) and neurodevelopmental impairment (39.6% and 40.3%, respectively). At discharge from the hospital, the incidences of survival without severe complications were 28.5% and 30.9%, respectively. Serious adverse events occurred in 22.7% and 21.7%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
In extremely-low-birth-weight infants, a higher hemoglobin threshold for red-cell transfusion did not improve survival without neurodevelopmental impairment at 22 to 26 months of age, corrected for prematurity. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; TOP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01702805.).

Identifiants

pubmed: 33382931
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2020248
pmc: PMC8487591
mid: NIHMS1727605
doi:

Substances chimiques

Hemoglobins 0

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01702805']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

2639-2651

Subventions

Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : U01 HL112776
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : UG1 HD068244
Pays : United States
Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : U01 HL112748
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : U10 HD027904
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : UG1 HD027904
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : KL2 TR003168
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : UG1 HD053109
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : U24 HD095254
Pays : United States

Investigateurs

Pablo J Sánchez (PJ)
Leif D Nelin (LD)
Sudarshan R Jadcherla (SR)
Patricia Luzader (P)
Christine A Fortney (CA)
Julie Gutentag (J)
Christopher J Timan (CJ)
Kristi Small (K)
Rox Ann Sullivan (RA)
Lina Yoseff-Salameh (L)
Jacqueline McCool (J)
Melanie Stein (M)
Erin Fearns (E)
Aubrey Fowler (A)
Jennifer Grothause (J)
Stephanie Burkhardt (S)
Jessica Purnell (J)
Mary Ann Nelin (MA)
Helen Carey (H)
Lindsay Pietruszewski (L)
Margaret Sullivan (M)
Julie Shadd (J)
Jennifer Notestine (J)
Cole Hague (C)
Erna Clark (E)
Michelle Chao (M)
Courtney Park (C)
Hallie Baugher (H)
Demi R Beckford (DR)
Bethany Miller (B)
Laura Marzec (L)
Kyrstin Warnimont (K)
Martin Keszler (M)
Angelita M Hensman (AM)
Barbara Alksninis (B)
Robert T Burke (RT)
Melinda Caskey (M)
Laurie Hoffman (L)
Katharine Johnson (K)
Mary L Keszler (ML)
Andrea Knoll (A)
Teresa M Leach (TM)
Emily Little (E)
Elisabeth C McGowan (EC)
Lucille St Pierre (LS)
Bonnie E Stephens (BE)
Elisa Vieira (E)
Victoria E Watson (VE)
Anna Maria Hibbs (AM)
Nancy S Newman (NS)
Allison H Payne (AH)
Deanne E Wilson-Costello (DE)
Bonnie S Siner (BS)
Monika Bhola (M)
Gulgun Yalcinkaya (G)
Eugenia K Pallotto (EK)
Howard W Kilbride (HW)
Cheri Gauldin (C)
Anne Holmes (A)
Kathy Johnson (K)
Allison Scott (A)
Stephanie L Merhar (SL)
Tanya E Cahill (TE)
Cathy Grisby (C)
Kristin Kirker (K)
Sandra Wuertz (S)
Ronald N Goldberg (RN)
Ricki F Goldstein (RF)
William F Malcolm (WF)
Patricia L Ashley (PL)
Deesha Mago-Shah (D)
Mollie Warren (M)
Joanne Finkle (J)
Kimberley A Fisher (KA)
Kathryn E Gustafson (KE)
Matthew M Laughon (MM)
Carl L Bose (CL)
Janice Bernhardt (J)
Janice Wereszczak (J)
Diane Warner (D)
Jennifer Talbert (J)
Cindy Clark (C)
Stephen D Kicklighter (SD)
Alexandra Bentley (A)
Laura Edwards (L)
Ginger Rhodes-Ryan (G)
Donna White (D)
David P Carlton (DP)
Barbara J Stoll (BJ)
Ira Adams-Chapman (I)
Yvonne Loggins (Y)
Ellen C Hale (EC)
Diane Bottcher (D)
Sheena L Carter (SL)
Salathiel Kendrick-Allwood (S)
Maureen Mulligan LaRossa (M)
Colleen Mackie (C)
Gloria Smikle (G)
Lynn C Comerford (LC)
Andrew A Bremer (AA)
Stephanie Wilson Archer (S)
Brenda B Poindexter (BB)
Heidi Harmon (H)
Lu Ann Papile (LA)
Abbey C Hines (AC)
Dianne E Herron (DE)
Susan Gunn (S)
Lucy Smiley (L)
Amir M Khan (AM)
Jon E Tyson (JE)
Andrea F Duncan (AF)
Elizabeth Allain (E)
Julie Arldt-McAlister (J)
Katrina Burson (K)
Allison G Dempsey (AG)
Elizabeth Eason (E)
Patricia W Evans (PW)
Carmen Garcia (C)
Charles Green (C)
Donna J Hall (DJ)
Margarita Jiminez (M)
Janice John (J)
Patrick M Jones (PM)
M Layne Lillie (ML)
Karen Martin (K)
Sara C Martin (SC)
Carrie M Mason (CM)
Georgia E McDavid (GE)
Shannon L McKee (SL)
Michelle Poe (M)
Kimberly Rennie (K)
Shawna L Rodgers (SL)
Saba Khan Siddiki (SK)
Daniel Sperry (D)
Emily K Stephens (EK)
Patti L Pierce Tate (PL)
Sharon L Wright (SL)
Catherine Levy (C)
Carla M Bann (CM)
Marie G Gantz (MG)
Jeanette O'Donnell Auman (J)
Donald J Brambilla (DJ)
Jenna Gabrio (J)
Carolyn M Petrie Huitema (CM)
David Leblond (D)
Annie vonLehmden (A)
Dennis Wallace (D)
Kristin M Zaterka-Baxter (KM)
Krisa P Van Meurs (KP)
David K Stevenson (DK)
M Bethany Ball (MB)
Barbara Bentley (B)
Maria Elena DeAnda (ME)
Anne M DeBattista (AM)
Beth Earhart (B)
Lynne C Huffman (LC)
Casey E Krueger (CE)
Ryan E Lucash (RE)
Melinda S Proud (MS)
Elizabeth N Reichert (EN)
Dharshi Sivakumar (D)
Heather Taylor (H)
Hali E Weiss (HE)
Namasivayam Ambalavanan (N)
Monica V Collins (MV)
Shirley S Cosby (SS)
Myriam Peralta-Carcelen (M)
Fred J Biasini (FJ)
Kristen C Johnston (KC)
Mary Beth Moses (MB)
Tara E McNair (TE)
Vivien A Phillips (VA)
Richard V Rector (RV)
Sally Whitley (S)
Kristy A Domnanovich (KA)
Sheree York Chapman (S)
Kimberlly Stringer (K)
Morissa Ladinsky (M)
Chantel Jno-Finn (C)
Meena Garg (M)
Isabell B Purdy (IB)
Teresa Chanlaw (T)
Rachel Geller (R)
Tarah T Colaizy (TT)
Jane E Brumbaugh (JE)
Heidi M Harmon (HM)
Jacky R Walker (JR)
Claire A Goeke (CA)
Mendi L Schmelzel (ML)
Diane L Eastman (DL)
Kristi L Watterberg (KL)
Conra Backstrom Lacy (C)
Janell Fuller (J)
Mary Hanson (M)
Carol Hartenberger (C)
Elizabeth Kuan (E)
Jean R Lowe (JR)
Sandra Sundquist Beauman (S)
Sara B DeMauro (SB)
Eric C Eichenwald (EC)
Soraya Abbasi (S)
Toni Mancini (T)
Dara M Cucinotta (DM)
Judy C Bernbaum (JC)
Marsha Gerdes (M)
Hallam Hurt (H)
Jonathan Snyder (J)
Ronnie Guillet (R)
Gary J Myers (GJ)
Kyle Binion (K)
Caitlin Fallone (C)
Osman Farooq (O)
Julianne Hunn (J)
Rosemary L Jensen (RL)
Joan Merzbach (J)
Constance Orme (C)
Premini Sabaratnam (P)
Ann Marie Scorsone (AM)
Holly I M Wadkins (HIM)
Kelley Yost (K)
Satyan Lakshminrusimha (S)
Anne Marie Reynolds (AM)
Stephanie Guilford (S)
Michelle E Hartley-McAndrews (ME)
Ashley Williams (A)
William Zorn (W)
Emily Li (E)
Jennifer Donato (J)
Kimberly G McKee (KG)
Kelly R Coleman (KR)
Alison Kent (A)
Luc P Brion (LP)
Roy J Heyne (RJ)
Diana M Vasil (DM)
Sally S Adams (SS)
Maria M De Leon (MM)
Frances Eubanks (F)
Alicia Guzman (A)
Elizabeth Heyne (E)
Lizette E Lee (LE)
Linda A Madden (LA)
E Rebecca McDougald (ER)
Lara Pavageau (L)
Anna E Puentez (AE)
Pollieanna Sepulveda (P)
Cathy Twell Boatman (C)
Kristine Tolentino-Plata (K)
Azucena Vera (A)
Jillian Waterbury (J)
Mariana Baserga (M)
Stephen D Minton (SD)
Mark J Sheffield (MJ)
Carrie A Rau (CA)
Sarah Winter (S)
Shawna Baker (S)
Jill Burnett (J)
Susan Christensen (S)
Laura Cole Bledsoe (L)
Sean Cunningham (S)
Jennifer O Elmont (JO)
Becky Hall (B)
Trisha Marchant (T)
Earl Maxson (E)
Kandace M McGrath (KM)
Hena G Mickelsen (HG)
Galina Morshedzadeh (G)
D Melody Parry (DM)
Brixen A Reich (BA)
Susan T Schaefer (ST)
Ashley L Stuart (AL)
Kelly Stout (K)
Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis (K)
Kathryn D Woodbury (KD)
Seetha Shankaran (S)
Beena G Sood (BG)
Rebecca Bara (R)
Prashant Agarwal (P)
Monika Bajaj (M)
Kirsten Childs (K)
Melissa February (M)
Laura Goldston (L)
Mary E Johnson (ME)
Girija Natarajan (G)
Bogdan Panaitescu (B)
Eunice Woldt (E)
John Barks (J)
Martha Carlson (M)
Diane F White (DF)
Naomi L Luban (NL)
Cassandra Josephson (C)
David F Friedman (DF)
Deborah A Sesok-Pizzini (DA)
Nancy M Heddle (NM)
Christine A Gleason (CA)
Marilee C Allen (MC)
Robert J Boyle (RJ)
Traci Clemons (T)
Mary E D'Alton (ME)
Abhik Das (A)
Catherine S Manno (CS)
Traci H Mondoro (TH)
Menachem Miodovnik (M)
T Michael O'Shea (TM)
Robin Steinhorn (R)
Steven J Weiner (SJ)
Marian Willinger (M)

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Haresh Kirpalani (H)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Edward F Bell (EF)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Susan R Hintz (SR)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Sylvia Tan (S)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Barbara Schmidt (B)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Aasma S Chaudhary (AS)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Karen J Johnson (KJ)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Margaret M Crawford (MM)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Jamie E Newman (JE)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Betty R Vohr (BR)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Waldemar A Carlo (WA)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Carl T D'Angio (CT)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Kathleen A Kennedy (KA)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Robin K Ohls (RK)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Brenda B Poindexter (BB)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Kurt Schibler (K)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Robin K Whyte (RK)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

John A Widness (JA)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

John A F Zupancic (JAF)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Myra H Wyckoff (MH)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

William E Truog (WE)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Michele C Walsh (MC)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Valerie Y Chock (VY)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Abbot R Laptook (AR)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Gregory M Sokol (GM)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Bradley A Yoder (BA)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Ravi M Patel (RM)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

C Michael Cotten (CM)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Melissa F Carmen (MF)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Uday Devaskar (U)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Sanjay Chawla (S)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Ruth Seabrook (R)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Rosemary D Higgins (RD)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

Abhik Das (A)

From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).

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