Phylogenetic Position of Three Well-known Ciliates from the Controversial Order Loxocephalida Jankowski, 1980 (Scuticociliatia, Oligohymenophorea) and Urozona buetschlii (Schewiakoff, 1889) with Improved Morphological Descriptions.

Loxocephalids represent a nonmonophyletic assemblage of oligohymenophorean ciliates with morphological features common to both scuticociliates (mode of ontogenesis) and hymenostomes (morphology of the oral structures). In phylogenetic analyses that include both nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers, relationships among loxocephalid ciliates are still largely unresolved. With the aim to clarify the phylogeny of the controversial order Loxocephalida Jankowski, 1980, we provide the first 18S rRNA gene sequences of three morphologically well-described ciliates currently included in the order, namely Cinetochilum margaritaceum, Zitheron hovassei, and Zitheron muscorum comb. nov. We also provide the first 18S rRNA gene sequence for the monotypic genus Urozona. Here we present improved diagnoses for these species based on updated morphologic data. Our molecular data circumscribe the family Cinetochilidae Perty, 1852 and support the exclusion of genus Cinetochilides from family Cinetochilidae; therefore, we establish a family Cinetochilididae fam. nov. We consider Urozona as incertae sedis in Oligohymenophorea at the current state of knowledge.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.