Hybridization boosters diversification in a Neotropical Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) group.

Genetic data shows that cryptic hybrids are more common than previously thought and that hybridization and introgression are widespread processes. Regardless, studies on hybridization are scarce for the highly speciose Bulbophyllum. The genus presents more than 2,200 species and many examples of recent radiations, in which hybridization is expected to be frequent. Currently, only four natural Bulbophyllum hybrids are recognized, all of them recently described based on morphological evidence. Here we test whether genomic evidence supports the hybrid status of two Neotropical Bulbophyllum species, while also evaluating the impact of this phenomenon on the genomes of the putative parental species. We also assess if there is evidence of hybridization among B. involutum and B. exaltatum, sister species that diverged recently. We leverage the power of next-generation sequence data, associated with model-based analysis for three systems putatively constituted by two parental species and one hybrid. All taxa belong to the Neotropical B. sect. Didactyle clade. We found evidence of hybridization in all studied systems. Despite the occurrence of hybridization, there are no signs of backcrossing. Because of the high propensity of hybridization across many taxa, the common occurrence of hybridization during the evolutionary history of B. sect. Didactyle means it is time to account for and examine its evolutionary role in these orchids.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.