Precision mapping and expression analysis of recessive bacterial blight resistance gene xa-45(t) from Oryza glaberrima.


Journal

Molecular biology reports
ISSN: 1573-4978
Titre abrégé: Mol Biol Rep
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 0403234

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
08 May 2024
Historique:
received: 20 01 2024
accepted: 22 04 2024
medline: 8 5 2024
pubmed: 8 5 2024
entrez: 8 5 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice leading to huge yield losses in Southeast Asia. The recessive resistance gene xa-45(t) from Oryza glaberrima IRGC102600B, mapped on rice chromosome 8, spans 80 Kb with 9 candidate genes on Nipponbare reference genome IRGSP-1.0. The xa-45(t) gene provides durable resistance against all the ten Xanthomonas pathotypes of Northern India, thus aiding in the expansion of recessive bacterial blight resistance gene pool. Punjab Rice PR127, carrying xa-45(t), was released for wider use in breeding programs. This study aims to precisely locate the target gene among the 9 candidates conferring resistance to bacterial blight disease. Sanger sequencing of all nine candidate genes revealed seven SNPs and an Indel between the susceptible parent Pusa 44 and the resistant introgression line IL274. The genotyping with polymorphic markers identified three recombinant breakpoints for LOC_Os08g42370, and LOC_Os08g42400, 15 recombinants for LOC_Os08g423420 and 26 for LOC_Os08g42440 out of 190 individuals. Relative expression analysis across six time intervals (0, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) after bacterial blight infection showed over expression of LOC_Os08g42410-specific transcripts in IL274 compared to Pusa 44, with a significant 4.46-fold increase observed at 72 h post-inoculation. The Indel marker at the locus LOC_Os08g42410 was found co-segregating with the phenotype, suggesting its candidacy towards xa-45(t). The transcript abundance assay provides strong evidence for the involvement of LOC_Os08g42410 in the resistance conferred by the bacterial blight gene xa-45(t).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice leading to huge yield losses in Southeast Asia. The recessive resistance gene xa-45(t) from Oryza glaberrima IRGC102600B, mapped on rice chromosome 8, spans 80 Kb with 9 candidate genes on Nipponbare reference genome IRGSP-1.0. The xa-45(t) gene provides durable resistance against all the ten Xanthomonas pathotypes of Northern India, thus aiding in the expansion of recessive bacterial blight resistance gene pool. Punjab Rice PR127, carrying xa-45(t), was released for wider use in breeding programs. This study aims to precisely locate the target gene among the 9 candidates conferring resistance to bacterial blight disease.
METHODS AND RESULTS RESULTS
Sanger sequencing of all nine candidate genes revealed seven SNPs and an Indel between the susceptible parent Pusa 44 and the resistant introgression line IL274. The genotyping with polymorphic markers identified three recombinant breakpoints for LOC_Os08g42370, and LOC_Os08g42400, 15 recombinants for LOC_Os08g423420 and 26 for LOC_Os08g42440 out of 190 individuals. Relative expression analysis across six time intervals (0, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) after bacterial blight infection showed over expression of LOC_Os08g42410-specific transcripts in IL274 compared to Pusa 44, with a significant 4.46-fold increase observed at 72 h post-inoculation.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
The Indel marker at the locus LOC_Os08g42410 was found co-segregating with the phenotype, suggesting its candidacy towards xa-45(t). The transcript abundance assay provides strong evidence for the involvement of LOC_Os08g42410 in the resistance conferred by the bacterial blight gene xa-45(t).

Identifiants

pubmed: 38717621
doi: 10.1007/s11033-024-09573-8
pii: 10.1007/s11033-024-09573-8
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

626

Subventions

Organisme : Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
ID : WISTEMM_Fellowship_2020_0927

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

Références

Mew TW (1987) Current status of future prospects of research on bacterial blight of rice. Annu Rev Phytopathol 25:359–382. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.002043
doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.002043
Vikal Y, Bhatia D (2017) Genetics and genomics of bacterial blight resistance. Chapter 10. In: Li J (ed) Advances in international rice research. IntechOpen, London, pp 175–213
Bhasin H, Bhatia D, Raghuvanshi S, Lore JS, Sahi GK, Kaur B (2012) New PCR-based sequence-tagged site marker for bacterial blight resistance gene Xa38 of rice. Mol Breed 30:607–611
doi: 10.1007/s11032-011-9646-y
Chen S, Liu X, Zeng L, Ouyang D, Yang J, Zhu X (2011) Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a novel recessive gene xa34(t) for resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Theor Appl Genet 122:1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1534-7
doi: 10.1007/s00122-011-1534-7 pubmed: 21274511
Rangaswami G (1975) Diseases of crop plants in India. Prentice Hall, New Delhi, p 520
Venkatesan BP, Gnanamanickam SS (1999) Occurrence of a sub-population of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with virulence to rice cultivar IRBB21 (Xa21) in southern India. Plant Dis 83:781–781. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.781B
doi: 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.781B
Kim SM (2018) Identification of novel recessive gene Xa44(t) conferring resistance to bacterial blight races in rice by QTL linkage analysis using an SNP chip. Theor Appl Genet 131:2733–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3187-2
doi: 10.1007/s00122-018-3187-2 pubmed: 30225642 pmcid: 6244528
Blair MN, Garris AJ, Iyer AS, Chapman B, Kresovich S, McCouch SR (2003) High resolution genetic mapping and candidate gene identification at the xa5 locus for BB resistance in rice. Theor Appl Genet 107:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1231-2
doi: 10.1007/s00122-003-1231-2 pubmed: 12677405
Sidhu GS, Khush GS, Mew TW (1978) Genetic analysis of bacterial blight resistance in seventy-four cultivars of rice, Oryzae sativa L. Theor Appl Genet 53:105–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00272687
doi: 10.1007/BF00272687 pubmed: 24311342
Sun X, Cao Y, Yang Z, Xu C, Li X, Wang S, Zhang Q (2004) Xa26, a gene conferring resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice, encodes an LRR receptor kinase-like protein. Plant J 37:517–527. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01976.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01976.x pubmed: 14756760
Xiang Y, Cao YL, Xu CQ, Li X, Wang S (2006) Xa3, conferring resistance for rice bacterial blight and encoding a receptor kinase-like protein, is the same as Xa26. Theor Appl Genet 113:1347–1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0388-x
doi: 10.1007/s00122-006-0388-x pubmed: 16932879
Yoshimura A, Mew TW, Khush GS, Omura T (1983) Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in rice cultivar Cas 209. Phytopathology 73:1409–1412
doi: 10.1094/Phyto-73-1409
Chu ZH, Fu B, Yang H, Xu C, Li Z, Sanchez AH, Park JJ, Bennetzen L, Zhang Q, Nang S (2006) Targeting xa13, a recessive gene for BB resistance in rice. Theor Appl Genet 112:455–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-0145-6
doi: 10.1007/s00122-005-0145-6 pubmed: 16328230
Yoshimura S, Yoshimura A, Iwata N, McCouch SR, Abenes ML, Baraoidan MR, Mew TW, Nelson RJ (1995) Tagging and combining bacterial-blight resistance genes in rice using RAPD and RFLP markers. Mol Breed 1:375–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01248415
doi: 10.1007/BF01248415
Zhang G, Angeles ER, Abenes MLP, Khush GS, Huang N (1996) RAPD and RFLP mapping of the bacterial blight resistance gene xa13 in rice. Theor Appl Genet 93:65–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225728
doi: 10.1007/BF00225728 pubmed: 24162200
Noda T, Ohuchi A (1989) A new pathogenic race of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae and inheritance of resistance of differential rice variety Tetep to it. Jpn J Phytopathol 55:201–207. https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.55.201
doi: 10.3186/jjphytopath.55.201
Taura S, Ogawa T, Yoshimura A, Ikeda R, Omura T (1991) Identification of a recessive resistance gene in induced mutant line XM5 of rice to bacterial blight. Jpn J Breed 41:427–432. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs1951.41.427
doi: 10.1270/jsbbs1951.41.427
Taura S, Ogawa T, Yoshimura A, Ikeda R, Iwata N (1992) Identification of a recessive resistance gene to rice bacterial blight of mutant line XM6, Oryza sativa L. Jpn J Breed 42:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs1951.42.7
doi: 10.1270/jsbbs1951.42.7
Khush GS, Angeles ER (1999) A new gene for resistance to race 6 of bacterial blight in rice, Oryza sativa L. Rice Genet Newsl 16:92–93
Mir GN, Khush GS (1990) Genetics of resistance to bacterial blight in rice cultivar DV86. Crop Res 3(2):194–198
Gao DY, Liu MA, Zhou AH, Cheng Y, Xiang YH, Sun LH, Zhai WX (2005) Molecular mapping of a bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-25 in rice. J Genet Genomics 32:183–188
Gao DY, Xu ZG, Chen ZY, Sun LH, Sun QM, Lu F, Hu BS, Liu YF, Tang LH (2001) Identification of a new gene for resistance to bacterial blight in a somaclonal mutant HX-3 (indica). Rice Genet Newsl 18:66–68
Lee KS, Rasabandith S, Angeles ER, Khush GS (2003) Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in 21 cultivars of rice. Phytopathol 93:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.2.147
doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.2.147
Wang C, Wen G, Lin X, Liu X, Zhang D (2009) Identification and fine mapping of new bacterial blight resistance gene, Xa31(t), in rice. Eur J Plant Pathol 123:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9356-4
doi: 10.1007/s10658-008-9356-4
Korinsak S, Sriprakhon S, Sirithanya P, Jairin J, Korinsak S, Vanavichit A (2009) Identification of microsatellite markers (SSR) linked to a new bacterial blight resistance gene xa33(t) in rice cultivar ‘Ba7.’ Maejo Int J Sci Technol 3:235–247
Hutin M, Sabot F, Ghesquière A, Koebnik R, Szurek B (2015) A knowledge-based molecular screen uncovers a broad-spectrum OsSWEET14 resistance allele to bacterial blight from wild rice. Plant J 84:694–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13042
doi: 10.1111/tpj.13042 pubmed: 26426417
Busungu C, Taura S, Sakagami JI, Ichitani K (2016) Identification and linkage analysis of a new rice bacterial blight resistance gene from XM14, a mutant line from IR24. Breed Sci 66:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.16062
doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.16062 pubmed: 27795689 pmcid: 5010315
Neelam K, Mahajan R, Gupta V, Bhatia D, Gill B, Komal R, Lore JS, Mangat G, Singh K (2019) High-resolution genetic mapping of a novel bacterial blight resistance gene xa-45(t) identified from Oryza glaberrima and transferred to Oryza sativa. Theor Appl Genet 135:689–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03501-2
doi: 10.1007/s00122-019-03501-2
Yoshimura S, Yamanouchi U, Katayose Y, Toki S, Wang ZX, Kono I, Kurata N, Yano M, Iwata N, Sasaki T (1998) Expression of Xa1, a bacterial blight-resistance gene in rice, is induced by bacterial inoculation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:1663–1668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.4.1663
doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1663 pubmed: 9465073 pmcid: 19140
Xu S, Cao Y, Li X, Wang S (2007) Expressional and biochemical characterization of rice disease resistance gene Xa3/Xa26 family. J Integr Plant Biol 49(6):852–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00494.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00494.x
Iyer AS, McCouch SR (2004) The rice bacterial blight resistance gene xa5 encodes a novel form of disease resistance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17:1348–1354. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.12.1348
doi: 10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.12.1348 pubmed: 15597740
Gu K, Sangha JS, Li Y, Yin Z (2008) High-resolution genetic mapping of bacterial blight resistance gene Xa10. Theor Appl Genet 116:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0655-5
doi: 10.1007/s00122-007-0655-5 pubmed: 17924090
Kim SM, Reinke RF (2019) A novel resistance gene for bacterial blight in rice, Xa43(t) identified by GWAS, confirmed by QTL mapping using a bi-parental population. PLoS ONE 14(2):e0211775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211775
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211775 pubmed: 30753229 pmcid: 6372157
Ronald PC, Albano B, Tabien R et al (1992) Genetic and physical analysis of the rice bacterial blight disease resistance locus, Xa21. Mol Gen Genet 236:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00279649
doi: 10.1007/BF00279649 pubmed: 1362973
Wang CL, Chen LT, Zeng CG, Zhang QY, Liu PQ, Liu YG, Fan YL, Zhang Q (2006) Chromosome walking for fine mapping of Xa23 gene locus by using genomic libraries. Chin J Rice Sci 20(4):355–360
Jin X, Wang C, Yang Q (2007) Breeding of near-isogenic line CBB30 and molecular mapping of Xa30(t), a new resistance gene to bacterial blight in rice. Sci Agric Sin 40(6):1094–1100
Amante-Bordeos A, Sitch LA, Nelson R et al (1992) Transfer of bacterial blight and blast resistance from the tetraploid wild rice Oryza minuta to cultivated rice, Oryza sativa. Theoret Appl Genet 84:345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229493
doi: 10.1007/BF00229493
Guo SB, Zhang DP, Lin XH (2010) Identification and mapping of a novel bacterial blight resistance gene Xa35(t) originated from Oryza minuta. Sci Agric Sin 43:2611–2618
Tan GX, Ren X, Weng QM, Shi ZY, Zhu LL, He GC (2004) Mapping of a new resistance gene to bacterial blight in rice line introgressed from Oryza officinalis. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 31:724–729
pubmed: 15473325
Zheng CK, Wang CL, Yu YJ, Yun-Tao Liang YT, Kai-Jun Zhao KJ (2009) Identification and molecular mapping of Xa32(t), a novel resistance gene for bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) in Rice. Acta Agron Sin 35:1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-2780(08)60089-9
doi: 10.1016/S1875-2780(08)60089-9
Kumar NP, Sujatha K, Laha GS, Srinivasa Rao K, Mishra B, Viraktamath BC, Hari Y, Reddy CS, Balachandran SM, Ram T, Sheshu Madhav M, Shobha Rani N, Neeraja CN, Ashok Reddy G, Shaik H, Sundaram RM (2012) Identification and fine-mapping of Xa33, a novel gene for resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Phytopathology 102:222–228
doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-03-11-0075 pubmed: 21970567
Ram T, Laha GS, Gautam SK, Deen R, Madhan MS, Brar DS, Viraktamath C (2010) Identification of a new gene introgressed from Oryza brachyantha with broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight of rice in India. Rice Genet Newsl 25:57
Vikal Y, Das A, Patra B, Goel RK, Sidhu JS, Singh K (2007) Identification of new sources of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) resistance in wild Oryza species and O. glaberrima. Plant Genet Res 5:108–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147926210777661X
doi: 10.1017/S147926210777661X
Lore JS, Vikal Y, Hunjan MS, Goel RK, Bharaj TS, Raina GL (2011) Genotypic and pathotypic diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the cause of bacterial blight of rice in Punjab state of India. J Phytopathol 159:479–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01789.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01789.x
Kauffman HE, Reddy APK, Hsieh SPY, Merca SD (1973) An improved technique for evaluating resistance of rice varieties to Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant Dis Rep 57:537–541
Cottyn B, Mew TW (2004) Bacterial blight of rice. In: Goodman RM (ed) Encyclopedia of plant and crop science. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 79–83
doi: 10.1081/E-EPCS-120010586
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem Bull 19:11–15
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using realtime quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25:402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262 pubmed: 11846609
Bimpong KI, Serraj R, Chin JH, Ramos J, Mendoza EMT, Hernandez JE, Mendioro MS, Brar DS (2011) Identification of QTLs for drought-related traits in alien introgression lines derived from crosses of rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR64) × O. glaberrima under lowland moisture stress. J Plant Biol 54:237–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-011-9161-z
doi: 10.1007/s12374-011-9161-z
Sarla N, Swamy BPM (2005) Oryza glaberrima: A source for the improvement of Oryza sativa. Curr Sci 89:955–963
Shaibu AA, Uguru MI, Sow M, Maji AT, Ndjiondjop MN, Venuprasad R (2018) Screening African rice (Oryza glaberrima) for tolerance to abiotic stresses: II. Lowland drought. Crop Sci 58(1):133–142. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.04.0255
doi: 10.2135/cropsci2017.04.0255
Pariasca-Tanaka J, Chin JH, Dramé KN, Dalid C, Heuer S, Wissuwa M (2014) A novel allele of the P-starvation tolerance gene OsPSTOL1 from African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud) and its distribution in the genus Oryza. Theor Appl Genet 127:1387–1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2306-y
doi: 10.1007/s00122-014-2306-y pubmed: 24728072 pmcid: 4035548
Thiémélé D, Boisnard A, Ndjindji MN et al (2010) Identification of a second major resistance gene to Rice yellow mottle virus, RYMV2, in the African cultivated rice species, O. glaberrima. Theor Appl Genet 121:169–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1300-2
doi: 10.1007/s00122-010-1300-2 pubmed: 20198467
Pidon H, Ghesquière A, Chéron S, Issaka S, Hébrard E, Sabot F et al (2017) Fine mapping of RYMV3: a new resistance gene to rice yellow mottle virus from Oryza glaberrima. Theor Appl Genet 130:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2853-0
doi: 10.1007/s00122-017-2853-0 pubmed: 28144699
Petitot AS, Kyndt T, Haidar R, Dereeper A, Collin M, Engler JDA, Gheysen G, Fernandez D (2017) Transcriptomic and histological responses of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) to Meloidogyne graminicola provide new insights into root-knot nematode resistance in monocots. Ann Bot 119:885–899. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw256
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcw256 pubmed: 28334204 pmcid: 5604615
Mishra SK, Kumar N, Chand P, Kumar M, Singh D, Kumar R (2018) Expression of Xa21 allele resistant to bacterial blight under artificial epiphytic condition in Indian basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 7:747–755
doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.087
Henkes S, Sonnewald U, Badur R, Flachmann R, Stitt M (2001) A small decrease of plastid transketolase activity in antisense tobacco transformants has dramatic effects on photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 13:535–551. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.13.3.535
doi: 10.1105/tpc.13.3.535 pubmed: 11251095 pmcid: 135503
Kim SM, Suh JP, Qin Y, Noh TH, Reinke RF, Jena KK (2015) Identification and fine-mapping of a new resistance gene, Xa40, conferring resistance to bacterial blight races in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet 128:1933–1943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2557-2
doi: 10.1007/s00122-015-2557-2 pubmed: 26081948
Tunc-Ozdemir M, Miller G, Song L, Kim J, Sodek A, Koussevitzky S, Misra AN, Mittler R, Shintani D (2009) Thiamin confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 151:421–432. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.140046
doi: 10.1104/pp.109.140046 pubmed: 19641031 pmcid: 2735988
Fernandez J, Marroquin-Guzman M, Wilson RA (2014) Evidence for a transketolase-mediated metabolic checkpoint governing biotrophic growth in rice cells by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004354
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004354 pubmed: 25188286 pmcid: 4154871
Rapala-Kozik M, Kowalska E, Ostrowska K (2008) Modulation of thiamine metabolism in Zea mays seedlings under conditions of abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 59:4133–4143. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern253
doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern253 pubmed: 18940932
Kaiser W (1976) The effect of hydrogen peroxide on CO
doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(76)90035-9 pubmed: 963040
Takabe T, Asami S, Akazawa T (1980) Glycolate formation catalyzed by spinach leaf transketolase utilizing the superoxide radical. Biochemistry 19:3985–3989. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00558a015
doi: 10.1021/bi00558a015 pubmed: 6250580

Auteurs

Ankita Babbar (A)

School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Nidhi Rawat (N)

Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.

Pavneet Kaur (P)

School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Navdeep Singh (N)

School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Jagjeet Singh Lore (JS)

Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Yogesh Vikal (Y)

School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Kumari Neelam (K)

School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. kneelam@pau.edu.

Articles similaires

Populus Soil Microbiology Soil Microbiota Fungi
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Lycoris NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Plant Proteins
Drought Resistance Gene Expression Profiling Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Gossypium Multigene Family

Classifications MeSH