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Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability since work is produced by organized molecular motion. Shannon's entropy metric is applied to represent a random graph's variab...
Lipoprotéines HDL : Questions médicales fréquentes
Questions fréquentes et termes MeSH associés
Diagnostic 5
#1
Comment mesurer le taux de HDL ?
Le taux de HDL se mesure par une analyse sanguine lipidique.
#2
Quel est le taux normal de HDL ?
Un taux de HDL supérieur à 1,0 g/L est considéré comme normal chez les hommes.
#3
Quels tests diagnostiques sont utilisés ?
Les tests incluent le profil lipidique et parfois des tests génétiques.
#4
Comment interpréter un faible taux de HDL ?
Un faible taux de HDL augmente le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires.
#5
Les lipoprotéines HDL sont-elles mesurables ?
Oui, elles sont mesurables par des tests sanguins spécifiques.
Symptômes 5
#1
Quels symptômes indiquent un faible HDL ?
Un faible HDL est souvent asymptomatique mais peut indiquer un risque accru de maladies cardiaques.
#2
Le faible HDL cause-t-il des douleurs ?
Non, un faible taux de HDL ne cause pas de douleurs directement.
#3
Y a-t-il des signes cliniques associés ?
Il n'y a pas de signes cliniques spécifiques liés uniquement au HDL.
#4
Un HDL bas peut-il affecter l'énergie ?
Un HDL bas n'affecte pas directement les niveaux d'énergie.
#5
Le HDL bas est-il lié à d'autres maladies ?
Oui, un HDL bas est souvent associé à des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires.
Prévention 5
#1
Comment prévenir un faible taux de HDL ?
Maintenir un mode de vie actif et une alimentation équilibrée aide à prévenir un faible HDL.
#2
Le tabagisme affecte-t-il le HDL ?
Oui, le tabagisme réduit le taux de HDL, augmentant le risque cardiovasculaire.
#3
L'alcool influence-t-il le HDL ?
Une consommation modérée d'alcool peut augmenter le HDL, mais l'excès est nuisible.
#4
Le stress impacte-t-il le HDL ?
Le stress chronique peut affecter négativement le taux de HDL.
#5
Les examens réguliers sont-ils nécessaires ?
Oui, des examens réguliers aident à surveiller le taux de HDL et la santé cardiovasculaire.
Traitements 5
#1
Comment augmenter le taux de HDL ?
L'exercice régulier, une alimentation saine et l'arrêt du tabac peuvent augmenter le HDL.
#2
Les médicaments peuvent-ils aider ?
Oui, certains médicaments comme les statines peuvent aider à augmenter le HDL.
#3
Quels aliments favorisent le HDL ?
Les acides gras oméga-3, les noix et l'huile d'olive favorisent le HDL.
#4
Le HDL peut-il être traité par des suppléments ?
Certains suppléments comme les oméga-3 peuvent aider à augmenter le HDL.
#5
Les changements de mode de vie sont-ils efficaces ?
Oui, des changements de mode de vie peuvent significativement améliorer le taux de HDL.
Complications 5
#1
Quelles complications sont liées à un faible HDL ?
Un faible HDL est associé à un risque accru de maladies cardiaques et d'accidents vasculaires.
#2
Le HDL bas cause-t-il des AVC ?
Oui, un faible taux de HDL peut augmenter le risque d'accidents vasculaires cérébraux.
#3
Un faible HDL affecte-t-il la santé mentale ?
Des études suggèrent un lien entre un faible HDL et des troubles de l'humeur.
#4
Le HDL bas est-il lié au diabète ?
Oui, un faible HDL est souvent observé chez les personnes diabétiques.
#5
Le HDL bas peut-il entraîner des maladies rénales ?
Un faible HDL peut être associé à un risque accru de maladies rénales.
Facteurs de risque 5
#1
Quels sont les principaux facteurs de risque pour un faible HDL ?
L'obésité, le tabagisme, l'inactivité physique et une mauvaise alimentation sont des facteurs de risque.
#2
L'âge influence-t-il le taux de HDL ?
Oui, le taux de HDL tend à diminuer avec l'âge, surtout chez les femmes après la ménopause.
#3
Le sexe affecte-t-il le HDL ?
Oui, les femmes ont généralement des taux de HDL plus élevés que les hommes.
#4
Le stress est-il un facteur de risque ?
Oui, le stress chronique peut contribuer à un faible taux de HDL.
#5
Les antécédents familiaux influencent-ils le HDL ?
Oui, des antécédents familiaux de maladies cardiovasculaires peuvent augmenter le risque de faible HDL.
Contenu validé par Dr Olivier Menir
Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale
Validation scientifique effectuée le 29/03/2025
Contenu vérifié selon les dernières recommandations médicales
Sous-catégories
4 au total
└─
Cholestérol HDL
Cholesterol, HDLD008076 -
D12.776.521.479.470
└─
Pré-bêta-lipoprotéines de haute densité
High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-betaD053442 -
D12.776.521.479.602
└─
Lipoprotéines HDL2
Lipoproteins, HDL2D053439 -
D12.776.521.479.735
└─
Lipoprotéines HDL3
Lipoproteins, HDL3D053440 -
D12.776.521.479.867
Auteurs principaux
Kyung-Hyun Cho
5 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Korea.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality.
International journal of molecular sciences 2022-04-02
-
Human Serum Amyloid a Impaired Structural Stability of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and Exacerbated Glycation Susceptibility of ApoA-I and HDL.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2022-07-01
-
Long-Term Alcohol Consumption Caused a Significant Decrease in Serum High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein A-I with the Atherogenic Changes of HDL in Middle-Aged Korean Women.
International journal of molecular sciences 2022-08-03
-
Native High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) with Higher Paraoxonase Exerts a Potent Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), While Glycated HDL Lost the Antiviral Activity.
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 2021-02-01
-
Enhancement of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Quantity and Quality by Regular and Habitual Exercise in Middle-Aged Women with Improvements in Lipid and Apolipoprotein Profiles: Larger Particle Size and Higher Antioxidant Ability of HDL.
International journal of molecular sciences 2023-01-06
Anatol Kontush
5 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, ICAN, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Mathematical Modelling of Material Transfer to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) upon Triglyceride Lipolysis by Lipoprotein Lipase: Relevance to Cardioprotective Role of HDL.
Metabolites 2022-07-06
-
High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Novel function and therapeutic applications.
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids 2021-10-05
-
Reciprocal Multifaceted Interaction Between HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) and Myocardial Infarction.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-06-13
-
Phospholipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis is directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and is not associated with cardiovascular risk.
Atherosclerosis 2021-03-09
-
Free cholesterol transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis underlies the U-shape relationship between HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.
European journal of preventive cardiology 2019-12-15
Fernando Brites
4 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Phospholipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis is directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and is not associated with cardiovascular risk.
Atherosclerosis 2021-03-09
-
Free cholesterol transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis underlies the U-shape relationship between HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.
European journal of preventive cardiology 2019-12-15
-
Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Lipoprotein Metabolism and Markers of HDL Functionality in Morbid Obese Patients.
Obesity surgery 2020-10-30
-
Increased Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activities in Children and Adolescents Presenting High Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) Ratio.
Indian journal of pediatrics 2021-06-07
Wilfried Le Goff
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, ICAN, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Mathematical Modelling of Material Transfer to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) upon Triglyceride Lipolysis by Lipoprotein Lipase: Relevance to Cardioprotective Role of HDL.
Metabolites 2022-07-06
-
Phospholipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis is directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and is not associated with cardiovascular risk.
Atherosclerosis 2021-03-09
-
Free cholesterol transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis underlies the U-shape relationship between HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.
European journal of preventive cardiology 2019-12-15
Maryam Darabi
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Novel function and therapeutic applications.
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids 2021-10-05
-
Phospholipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis is directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and is not associated with cardiovascular risk.
Atherosclerosis 2021-03-09
-
Free cholesterol transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis underlies the U-shape relationship between HDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.
European journal of preventive cardiology 2019-12-15
Frank M Sacks
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (F.M.S.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Pharmacological Inhibition of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Increases HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) That Contains ApoC3 and Other HDL Subspecies Associated With Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2021-12-23
-
Effects of Replacing Dietary Monounsaturated Fat With Carbohydrate on HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Protein Metabolism and Proteome Composition in Humans.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-09-26
Margery A Connelly
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC (M.A.C.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Refinement of a published gene-physical activity interaction impacting HDL-cholesterol: role of sex and lipoprotein subfractions.
medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2024-01-24
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Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio and lipoprotein insulin resistance Score: Associations with subclinical atherosclerosis and incident cardiovascular disease.
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2023-12-22
Dan McConnell
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Central Ligand Assay Satellite Services Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.M.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subclasses, Lipid Content, and Function Trajectories Across the Menopause Transition: SWAN-HDL Study.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2020-12-03
-
High-density lipoprotein over midlife and future cognition in women: The SWAN HDL ancillary study.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024-10-05
Daniel J Rader
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.B., D.J.R.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subclasses, Lipid Content, and Function Trajectories Across the Menopause Transition: SWAN-HDL Study.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2020-12-03
-
High-density lipoprotein metrics during midlife and future subclinical atherosclerosis in women: the SWAN HDL study.
Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2024-05-14
Samia Mora
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.M.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Refinement of a published gene-physical activity interaction impacting HDL-cholesterol: role of sex and lipoprotein subfractions.
medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 2024-01-24
Angela M Zivkovic
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Nutrition, University California Davis (A.M.Z.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation Increases High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Is Associated with Changes in the HDL Glycoproteome in Children.
ACS omega 2021-11-18
Uwe J F Tietge
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (U.J.F.T.).
- Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.J.F.T.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Is Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-07-18
Mary G Sorci-Thomas
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Division of Endocrinology (D.S., M.G.S.-T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Recombinant LCAT (Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase) Rescues Defective HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)-Mediated Endothelial Protection in Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology
Tomas Vaisar
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Imbalance of APOB Lipoproteins and Large HDL in Type 1 Diabetes Drives Atherosclerosis.
Circulation research 2024-06-03
Giacomo Ruotolo
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN (G.R.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-10
-
Pharmacological Inhibition of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Increases HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) That Contains ApoC3 and Other HDL Subspecies Associated With Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2021-12-23
Vishal Kothari
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute (V.K., Y.H., F.K., M.S.-A., J.E.K., B.S., J.W.H., T.V., K.E.B.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Imbalance of APOB Lipoproteins and Large HDL in Type 1 Diabetes Drives Atherosclerosis.
Circulation research 2024-06-03
-
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) in Macrophages Predominate Over Proinflammatory Effects in Atherosclerotic Plaques.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-03
Yi He
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute (V.K., Y.H., F.K., M.S.-A., J.E.K., B.S., J.W.H., T.V., K.E.B.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Imbalance of APOB Lipoproteins and Large HDL in Type 1 Diabetes Drives Atherosclerosis.
Circulation research 2024-06-03
-
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) in Macrophages Predominate Over Proinflammatory Effects in Atherosclerotic Plaques.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-03
Jay W Heinecke
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute (V.K., Y.H., F.K., M.S.-A., J.E.K., B.S., J.W.H., T.V., K.E.B.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Imbalance of APOB Lipoproteins and Large HDL in Type 1 Diabetes Drives Atherosclerosis.
Circulation research 2024-06-03
-
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) in Macrophages Predominate Over Proinflammatory Effects in Atherosclerotic Plaques.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-03
Karin E Bornfeldt
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute (V.K., Y.H., F.K., M.S.-A., J.E.K., B.S., J.W.H., T.V., K.E.B.).
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle (K.E.B.).
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Imbalance of APOB Lipoproteins and Large HDL in Type 1 Diabetes Drives Atherosclerosis.
Circulation research 2024-06-03
-
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) in Macrophages Predominate Over Proinflammatory Effects in Atherosclerotic Plaques.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2019-10-03
Roberto Kalil Filho
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
- Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Publications dans "Lipoprotéines HDL" :
-
Regular Practice of Physical Activity Improves Cholesterol Transfers to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Other HDL Metabolic Parameters in Older Adults.
Nutrients 2023-11-22
-
Disturbances of the transfer of cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in patients with peripheral artery disease with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Vascular medicine (London, England) 2021-06-17
Sources (2798 au total)
The autonomic balance of heart rhythm complexity after renal artery denervation: insight from entropy of entropy and average entropy analysis.
The current method to evaluate the autonomic balance after renal denervation (RDN) relies on heart rate variability (HRV). However, parameters of HRV were not always predictive of response to RDN. The... Five patients were prospectively enrolled in the Global SYMPLICITY Registry from 2020 to 2021. 24-h Holter and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed at baseline and 3 months after ... After RDN, the ABPM of all patients showed a significant reduction in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. Only AE and HF values of all patients had consistent changes after RDN (p < 0.05). The spearma... Monitoring the AE and EoE analysis could be an alternative to interpreting autonomic status. In addition, a relative change of autonomic tone, especially an increasing parasympathetic activity, could ...
A primer on entropy in neuroscience.
Entropy is not just a property of a system - it is a property of a system and an observer. Specifically, entropy is a measure of the amount of hidden information in a system that arises due to an obse...
Activity-State Entropy: A novel brain entropy measure based on spatial patterns of activity.
Brain entropy is a measure of the complexity of brain activity that has been linked to various cognitive abilities. The measure is based on Shannon Entropy, a measure from Information Theory that quan... We developed a novel measure of brain entropy called Activity-State Entropy. The method quantifies entropy based on underlying patterns of coactivation identified using Principal Components Analysis. ... We showed that Activity-State Entropy is sensitive to the complexity of the spatiotemporal patterns of activity in simulated fMRI data. We then applied this measure to real resting-state fMRI data and... We compared Activity-State Entropy to Sample Entropy and Dispersion Entropy, two time-series entropy measures commonly used in neuroimaging research, and found all three measures were positively corre... Activity-State Entropy provides a measure of the spatiotemporal complexity of brain activity that complements time-series based measures of brain entropy....
Skilled motor control of an inverted pendulum implies low entropy of states but high entropy of actions.
The mastery of skills, such as balancing an inverted pendulum, implies a very accurate control of movements to achieve the task goals. Traditional accounts of skilled action control that focus on eith...
Entropy-based air quality monitoring network optimization using NINP and Bayesian maximum entropy.
Effectual air quality monitoring network (AQMN) design plays a prominent role in environmental engineering. An optimal AQMN design should consider stations' mutual information and system uncertainties...
Subjective time dilation as a result of entropy.
Subjective time dilation is an effect discovered using the oddball paradigm, where expanding visual stimuli, but not shrinking ones, induce a prolongation of subjective temporal perception compared to...
On cheap entropy-sparsified regression learning.
Regression learning is one of the long-standing problems in statistics, machine learning, and deep learning (DL). We show that writing this problem as a probabilistic expectation over (unknown) featur...
High-entropy effect with hollow (ZnCdFeMnCu)
High entropy (HE) compounds with chemically disordered multi-cation structures have become a hot research topic because of their fascinating "cocktail effect". However, high entropy effect with the ef...