The Sulphur Response in Wheat Grain and Its Implications for Acrylamide Formation and Food Safety.
Maillard reaction
Triticum aestivum
acrylamide
amino acid metabolism
asparagine metabolism
food safety
glutathione
starch synthesis
sulphur deficiency
wheat
Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
Titre abrégé: Int J Mol Sci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101092791
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 May 2020
29 May 2020
Historique:
received:
14
05
2020
revised:
27
05
2020
accepted:
28
05
2020
entrez:
4
6
2020
pubmed:
4
6
2020
medline:
31
3
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Free (soluble, non-protein) asparagine concentration can increase many-fold in wheat grain in response to sulphur deficiency. This exacerbates a major food safety and regulatory compliance problem for the food industry because free asparagine may be converted to the carcinogenic contaminant, acrylamide, during baking and processing. Here, we describe the predominant route for the conversion of asparagine to acrylamide in the Maillard reaction. The effect of sulphur deficiency and its interaction with nitrogen availability is reviewed, and we reiterate our advice that sulphur should be applied to wheat being grown for human consumption at a rate of 20 kg per hectare. We describe the genetic control of free asparagine accumulation, including genes that encode metabolic enzymes (asparagine synthetase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, and asparaginase), regulatory protein kinases (sucrose nonfermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) and general control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2)), and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, and how this genetic control responds to sulphur, highlighting the importance of asparagine synthetase-2 (
Identifiants
pubmed: 32485924
pii: ijms21113876
doi: 10.3390/ijms21113876
pmc: PMC7312080
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Acrylamides
0
Acrylamide
20R035KLCI
Asparagine
7006-34-0
Sulfur
70FD1KFU70
Carbon
7440-44-0
Starch
9005-25-8
Glutathione
GAN16C9B8O
Nitrogen
N762921K75
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
ID : BB/P016855/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
ID : SWBiosciences DTP studentship
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
ID : Collaborative Training Partnership Studentship
Pays : United Kingdom
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